简而言之:

UTF-8: Variable-width encoding, backwards compatible with ASCII. ASCII characters (U+0000 to U+007F) take 1 byte, code points U+0080 to U+07FF take 2 bytes, code points U+0800 to U+FFFF take 3 bytes, code points U+10000 to U+10FFFF take 4 bytes. Good for English text, not so good for Asian text. UTF-16: Variable-width encoding. Code points U+0000 to U+FFFF take 2 bytes, code points U+10000 to U+10FFFF take 4 bytes. Bad for English text, good for Asian text. UTF-32: Fixed-width encoding. All code points take four bytes. An enormous memory hog, but fast to operate on. Rarely used.

长:参见维基百科:UTF-8, UTF-16和UTF-32。

utf - 8

没有字节顺序的概念 每个字符使用1到4个字节 ASCII是一种兼容的编码子集 完全自同步，例如从流中的任何地方删除字节最多只会损坏一个字符 几乎所有的欧洲语言都是用两个字节或更少的字符编码的

utf - 16

必须使用已知的字节顺序进行解析，或者读取字节顺序标记(BOM)。 每个字符使用2或4个字节

utf - 32

每个字符是4个字节 必须使用已知的字节顺序进行解析，或者读取字节顺序标记(BOM)。

UTF-8将是空间效率最高的，除非大多数字符来自CJK(中国、日本和韩国)字符空间。

UTF-32最适合通过字符偏移量随机访问字节数组。

Unicode是一个标准，关于UTF-x，你可以把它看作是一个技术实现，用于一些实际目的:

UTF-8 - "size optimized": best suited for Latin character based data (or ASCII), it takes only 1 byte per character but the size grows accordingly symbol variety (and in worst case could grow up to 6 bytes per character) UTF-16 - "balance": it takes minimum 2 bytes per character which is enough for existing set of the mainstream languages with having fixed size on it to ease character handling (but size is still variable and can grow up to 4 bytes per character) UTF-32 - "performance": allows using of simple algorithms as result of fixed size characters (4 bytes) but with memory disadvantage

UTF-8在ASCII字符代表文本块中的大部分字符的情况下具有优势，因为UTF-8将这些字符编码为8位(像ASCII一样)。它的另一个优点是只包含ASCII字符的UTF-8文件具有与ASCII文件相同的编码。

在ASCII不占主导地位的情况下，UTF-16更好，因为它主要每个字符使用2个字节。UTF-8将开始对高阶字符使用3个或更多字节，而UTF-16对大多数字符仅使用2个字节。

UTF-32将在4字节内涵盖所有可能的字符。这使得它非常臃肿。我想不出使用它有什么好处。

UTF-8为变量1 ~ 4字节。 UTF-16是可变的2或4字节。 UTF-32是固定的4字节。

简而言之:

UTF-8: Variable-width encoding, backwards compatible with ASCII. ASCII characters (U+0000 to U+007F) take 1 byte, code points U+0080 to U+07FF take 2 bytes, code points U+0800 to U+FFFF take 3 bytes, code points U+10000 to U+10FFFF take 4 bytes. Good for English text, not so good for Asian text. UTF-16: Variable-width encoding. Code points U+0000 to U+FFFF take 2 bytes, code points U+10000 to U+10FFFF take 4 bytes. Bad for English text, good for Asian text. UTF-32: Fixed-width encoding. All code points take four bytes. An enormous memory hog, but fast to operate on. Rarely used.

长:参见维基百科:UTF-8, UTF-16和UTF-32。