try语句的可选else子句的预期用途是什么?


当前回答

错误和异常#处理异常- docs.python.org

The try ... except statement has an optional else clause, which, when present, must follow all except clauses. It is useful for code that must be executed if the try clause does not raise an exception. For example: for arg in sys.argv[1:]: try: f = open(arg, 'r') except IOError: print 'cannot open', arg else: print arg, 'has', len(f.readlines()), 'lines' f.close() The use of the else clause is better than adding additional code to the try clause because it avoids accidentally catching an exception that wasn’t raised by the code being protected by the try ... except statement.

其他回答

我将添加另一个用例,在处理DB会话时看起来很直接:

    # getting a DB connection 
    conn = db.engine.connect()

    # and binding to a DB session
    session = db.get_session(bind=conn)

    try:
        # we build the query to DB
        q = session.query(MyTable).filter(MyTable.col1 == 'query_val')

        # i.e retrieve one row
        data_set = q.one_or_none()

        # return results
        return [{'col1': data_set.col1, 'col2': data_set.col2, ...}]

    except:
        # here we make sure to rollback the transaction, 
        # handy when we update stuff into DB
        session.rollback()
        raise

    else:
        # when no errors then we can commit DB changes
        session.commit()

    finally:
        # and finally we can close the session
        session.close()

PEP 380中有一个很好的try-else示例。基本上,它归结为在算法的不同部分做不同的异常处理。

大概是这样的:

try:
    do_init_stuff()
except:
    handle_init_suff_execption()
else:
    try:
        do_middle_stuff()
    except:
        handle_middle_stuff_exception()

这允许您在异常发生的地方编写异常处理代码。

使用else样式和可读性是一个重要原因。将可能导致异常的代码放在处理异常的代码附近通常是个好主意。例如,比较这些:

try:
    from EasyDialogs import AskPassword
    # 20 other lines
    getpass = AskPassword
except ImportError:
    getpass = default_getpass

and

try:
    from EasyDialogs import AskPassword
except ImportError:
    getpass = default_getpass
else:
    # 20 other lines
    getpass = AskPassword

当异常不能提前返回或重新抛出异常时,第二个方法很好。如果可能的话,我会这样写:

try:
    from EasyDialogs import AskPassword
except ImportError:
    getpass = default_getpass
    return False  # or throw Exception('something more descriptive')

# 20 other lines
getpass = AskPassword

注意:答案从最近发布的副本复制在这里,因此所有这些“AskPassword”的东西。

我能想到的一种使用场景是不可预测的异常,如果您再次尝试,可以避免这种异常。例如,当try块中的操作涉及随机数时:

while True:
    try:
        r = random.random()
        some_operation_that_fails_for_specific_r(r)
    except Exception:
        continue
    else:
        break

但是如果可以预测异常,则应该始终在异常之前选择验证。然而,并不是所有的事情都可以预测,所以这种代码模式有它的一席之地。

Try-except-else非常适合结合EAFP模式和duck-typing:

try:
  cs = x.cleanupSet
except AttributeError:
  pass
else:
  for v in cs:
    v.cleanup()

您可能认为naïve代码是好的:

try:
  for v in x.cleanupSet:
    v.clenaup()
except AttributeError:
  pass

这是在代码中意外隐藏严重错误的好方法。我在那里输入了清理,但是让我知道的AttributeError正在被吞噬。更糟糕的是,如果我写对了,但清理方法偶尔被传递一个具有错误命名属性的用户类型,导致它在中途无声地失败并留下一个未关闭的文件,会怎样?祝你在调试时好运。