存储过程与用户自定义函数的区别:

Stored procedures cannot be used in Select statements. Stored procedures support Deferred Name Resolution. Stored procedures are generally used for performing business logic. Stored procedures can return any datatype. Stored procedures can accept greater numbers of input parameter than user defined functions. Stored procedures can have up to 21,000 input parameters. Stored procedures can execute Dynamic SQL. Stored procedures support error handling. Non-deterministic functions can be used in stored procedures.

User-defined functions can be used in Select statements. User-defined functions do not support Deferred Name Resolution. User-defined functions are generally used for computations. User-defined functions should return a value. User-defined functions cannot return Images. User-defined functions accept smaller numbers of input parameters than stored procedures. UDFs can have up to 1,023 input parameters. Temporary tables cannot be used in user-defined functions. User-defined functions cannot execute Dynamic SQL. User-defined functions do not support error handling. RAISEERROR OR @@ERROR are not allowed in UDFs. Non-deterministic functions cannot be used in UDFs. For example, GETDATE() cannot be used in UDFs.

下面是一个总结差异的表格:

函数是计算值，不能对SQL Server执行永久的环境更改(即不允许INSERT或UPDATE语句)。

如果函数返回标量值，则可以在SQL语句中使用它;如果函数返回结果集，则可以连接它。

从总结答案的评论中，有一点值得注意。感谢@Sean K Anderson:

函数遵循计算机科学的定义，即它们必须返回一个值，并且不能更改作为参数接收的数据 (论点)。函数不允许改变任何东西，必须 至少有一个参数，并且它们必须返回一个值。存储 Procs不需要有参数，可以改变数据库对象， 并且不需要返回值。

基本区别

函数必须返回一个值，但在存储过程中它是可选的(过程可以返回零或n个值)。

函数只能有输入参数，而过程可以有输入/输出参数。

函数需要一个输入参数，这是必须的，但存储过程可能需要o到n个输入参数。

函数可以从过程中调用，而过程不能从函数中调用。

之前的区别

Procedure允许在其中使用SELECT和DML(INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE)语句，而Function只允许在其中使用SELECT语句。

过程不能在SELECT语句中使用，而Function可以嵌入到SELECT语句中。

存储过程不能在WHERE/HAVING/SELECT部分的SQL语句中使用，而函数可以。

返回表的函数可以被视为另一个行集。这可以在与其他表的join中使用。

内联函数可以被认为是接受参数的视图，可以在join和其他行集操作中使用。

异常可以用try-catch块在过程中处理，而try-catch块不能在函数中使用。

我们可以在过程中使用事务管理，而不能在功能中使用。

源

It is mandatory for Function to return a value while it is not for stored procedure. Select statements only accepted in UDF while DML statements not required. Stored procedure accepts any statements as well as DML statements. UDF only allows inputs and not outputs. Stored procedure allows for both inputs and outputs. Catch blocks cannot be used in UDF but can be used in stored procedure. No transactions allowed in functions in UDF but in stored procedure they are allowed. Only table variables can be used in UDF and not temporary tables. Stored procedure allows for both table variables and temporary tables. UDF does not allow stored procedures to be called from functions while stored procedures allow calling of functions. UDF is used in join clause while stored procedures cannot be used in join clause. Stored procedure will always allow for return to zero. UDF, on the contrary, has values that must come - back to a predetermined point.