如果JavaScript中未定义变量,最合适的测试方法是什么?

我见过几种可能的方法:

if (window.myVariable)

Or

if (typeof(myVariable) != "undefined")

Or

if (myVariable) // This throws an error if undefined. Should this be in Try/Catch?

当前回答

说明各种答案结果的一些场景:http://jsfiddle.net/drzaus/UVjM4/

(请注意,在测试中使用var会在作用域包装器中产生差异)

参考代码:

(function(undefined) {
    var definedButNotInitialized;
    definedAndInitialized = 3;
    someObject = {
        firstProp: "1"
        , secondProp: false
        // , undefinedProp not defined
    }
    // var notDefined;

    var tests = [
        'definedButNotInitialized in window',
        'definedAndInitialized in window',
        'someObject.firstProp in window',
        'someObject.secondProp in window',
        'someObject.undefinedProp in window',
        'notDefined in window',

        '"definedButNotInitialized" in window',
        '"definedAndInitialized" in window',
        '"someObject.firstProp" in window',
        '"someObject.secondProp" in window',
        '"someObject.undefinedProp" in window',
        '"notDefined" in window',

        'typeof definedButNotInitialized == "undefined"',
        'typeof definedButNotInitialized === typeof undefined',
        'definedButNotInitialized === undefined',
        '! definedButNotInitialized',
        '!! definedButNotInitialized',

        'typeof definedAndInitialized == "undefined"',
        'typeof definedAndInitialized === typeof undefined',
        'definedAndInitialized === undefined',
        '! definedAndInitialized',
        '!! definedAndInitialized',

        'typeof someObject.firstProp == "undefined"',
        'typeof someObject.firstProp === typeof undefined',
        'someObject.firstProp === undefined',
        '! someObject.firstProp',
        '!! someObject.firstProp',

        'typeof someObject.secondProp == "undefined"',
        'typeof someObject.secondProp === typeof undefined',
        'someObject.secondProp === undefined',
        '! someObject.secondProp',
        '!! someObject.secondProp',

        'typeof someObject.undefinedProp == "undefined"',
        'typeof someObject.undefinedProp === typeof undefined',
        'someObject.undefinedProp === undefined',
        '! someObject.undefinedProp',
        '!! someObject.undefinedProp',

        'typeof notDefined == "undefined"',
        'typeof notDefined === typeof undefined',
        'notDefined === undefined',
        '! notDefined',
        '!! notDefined'
    ];

    var output = document.getElementById('results');
    var result = '';
    for(var t in tests) {
        if( !tests.hasOwnProperty(t) ) continue; // bleh

        try {
            result = eval(tests[t]);
        } catch(ex) {
            result = 'Exception--' + ex;
        }
        console.log(tests[t], result);
        output.innerHTML += "\n" + tests[t] + ": " + result;
    }
})();

结果:

definedButNotInitialized in window: true
definedAndInitialized in window: false
someObject.firstProp in window: false
someObject.secondProp in window: false
someObject.undefinedProp in window: true
notDefined in window: Exception--ReferenceError: notDefined is not defined
"definedButNotInitialized" in window: false
"definedAndInitialized" in window: true
"someObject.firstProp" in window: false
"someObject.secondProp" in window: false
"someObject.undefinedProp" in window: false
"notDefined" in window: false
typeof definedButNotInitialized == "undefined": true
typeof definedButNotInitialized === typeof undefined: true
definedButNotInitialized === undefined: true
! definedButNotInitialized: true
!! definedButNotInitialized: false
typeof definedAndInitialized == "undefined": false
typeof definedAndInitialized === typeof undefined: false
definedAndInitialized === undefined: false
! definedAndInitialized: false
!! definedAndInitialized: true
typeof someObject.firstProp == "undefined": false
typeof someObject.firstProp === typeof undefined: false
someObject.firstProp === undefined: false
! someObject.firstProp: false
!! someObject.firstProp: true
typeof someObject.secondProp == "undefined": false
typeof someObject.secondProp === typeof undefined: false
someObject.secondProp === undefined: false
! someObject.secondProp: true
!! someObject.secondProp: false
typeof someObject.undefinedProp == "undefined": true
typeof someObject.undefinedProp === typeof undefined: true
someObject.undefinedProp === undefined: true
! someObject.undefinedProp: true
!! someObject.undefinedProp: false
typeof notDefined == "undefined": true
typeof notDefined === typeof undefined: true
notDefined === undefined: Exception--ReferenceError: notDefined is not defined
! notDefined: Exception--ReferenceError: notDefined is not defined
!! notDefined: Exception--ReferenceError: notDefined is not defined

其他回答

if (typeof foo == 'undefined') {
 // Do something
};

注意,在这种情况下不需要严格比较(!==),因为typeof将始终返回字符串。

由于其他答案对我都没有帮助,我建议这样做。它在Internet Explorer 8中对我有效:

if (typeof variable_name.value === 'undefined') {
    // variable_name is undefined
}

更新2018-07-25

自从这篇文章发表以来,已经将近五年了,JavaScript已经取得了长足的进步。在重复原始帖子中的测试时,我发现以下测试方法之间没有一致的差异:

abc==未定义abc==无效0typeof abc==“未定义”abc类型==“未定义”

即使当我修改测试以防止Chrome优化它们时,差异也微不足道。因此,为了清楚起见,我现在建议abc===undefined。

相关内容来自chrome://version:

谷歌Chrome:67.0.3396.99(官方版本)(64位)(队列:稳定)修订:a337fbf3c2ab8ebc6b64b0bfdce73a20e2e2252b参考/分支头/3396@{#790}操作系统:WindowsJavaScript:V8 6.7.288.46用户代理:Mozilla/5.0(Windows NT 10.0;Win64;x64)AppleWebKit/537.36(KHTML,类似Gecko)Chrome/67.03396.99 Safari/537.36

原帖子2013-11-01

在Google Chrome中,以下测试比一种测试速度稍快:

if (abc === void 0) {
    // Undefined
}

差异可以忽略不计。然而,这段代码更加简洁,对于了解void 0含义的人来说一目了然。然而,请注意,abc仍然必须声明。

typeof和void都明显快于直接与undefined进行比较。我在Chrome开发者控制台中使用了以下测试格式:

var abc;
start = +new Date();
for (var i = 0; i < 10000000; i++) {
    if (TEST) {
        void 1;
    }
}
end = +new Date();
end - start;

结果如下:

Test: | abc === undefined      abc === void 0      typeof abc == 'undefined'
------+---------------------------------------------------------------------
x10M  |     13678 ms               9854 ms                 9888 ms
  x1  |    1367.8 ns              985.4 ns                988.8 ns

请注意,第一行以毫秒为单位,而第二行以纳秒为单位。3.4纳秒的差异并不重要。在随后的测试中,时间相当一致。

如果您有兴趣了解变量是否已声明,而不管其值如何,那么使用in运算符是最安全的方法。考虑以下示例:

// global scope
var theFu; // theFu has been declared, but its value is undefined
typeof theFu; // "undefined"

但在某些情况下,这可能不是预期的结果,因为变量或属性已声明,但尚未初始化。使用in运算符进行更稳健的检查。

"theFu" in window; // true
"theFoo" in window; // false

如果您想知道变量是否尚未声明或值未定义,请使用typeof运算符,它保证返回字符串:

if (typeof myVar !== 'undefined')

与undefined的直接比较很麻烦,因为undefineed可以被覆盖。

window.undefined = "foo";
"foo" == undefined // true

正如@CMS所指出的,这已经在ECMAScript第5版中修补,undefined是不可写的。

if(window.myVar)也将包含这些虚假值,因此它不是很健壮:

false
0
""
NaN
null
undefined

感谢@CMS指出您的第三种情况-if(myVariable)在两种情况下也会抛出错误。第一种情况是尚未定义引发ReferenceError的变量。

// abc was never declared.
if (abc) {
    // ReferenceError: abc is not defined
} 

另一种情况是定义了变量,但有一个getter函数,在调用时抛出错误。例如

// or it's a property that can throw an error
Object.defineProperty(window, "myVariable", { 
    get: function() { throw new Error("W00t?"); }, 
    set: undefined 
});
if (myVariable) {
    // Error: W00t?
}

如果未定义,它将不等于包含字符“undefined”的字符串,因为该字符串未定义。

您可以检查变量的类型:

if (typeof(something) != "undefined") ...

有时你甚至不必检查类型。如果变量的值在设置时不能求值为false(例如,如果它是一个函数),那么可以只对变量求值。例子:

if (something) {
  something(param);
}