如果计算机有到Internet的路由，即使/etc/hosts没有正确设置，这也将始终工作以获得首选的本地ip地址。

import socket

s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
s.connect(('8.8.8.8', 1))  # connect() for UDP doesn't send packets
local_ip_address = s.getsockname()[0]

Netifaces可通过PIP和easy_install获得。(我知道，它不在基础，但它可能值得安装。)

Netifaces在不同平台上确实有一些奇怪之处:

localhost/loop-back接口可能并不总是包含在内(Cygwin)。 地址按协议列出(例如IPv4, IPv6)，协议按接口列出。在某些系统(Linux)上，每个协议-接口对都有自己的关联接口(使用interface_name:n表示法)，而在其他系统(Windows)上，单个接口将有每个协议的地址列表。在这两种情况下都有一个协议列表，但它可能只包含一个元素。

下面是一些netifaces代码:

import netifaces

PROTO = netifaces.AF_INET   # We want only IPv4, for now at least

# Get list of network interfaces
# Note: Can't filter for 'lo' here because Windows lacks it.
ifaces = netifaces.interfaces()

# Get all addresses (of all kinds) for each interface
if_addrs = [netifaces.ifaddresses(iface) for iface in ifaces]

# Filter for the desired address type
if_inet_addrs = [addr[PROTO] for addr in if_addrs if PROTO in addr]

iface_addrs = [s['addr'] for a in if_inet_addrs for s in a if 'addr' in s]
# Can filter for '127.0.0.1' here.

上面的代码没有将地址映射回接口名(对于动态生成ebtables/iptables规则很有用)。所以这里有一个版本，它将上述信息和接口名称保存在一个元组中:

import netifaces

PROTO = netifaces.AF_INET   # We want only IPv4, for now at least

# Get list of network interfaces
ifaces = netifaces.interfaces()

# Get addresses for each interface
if_addrs = [(netifaces.ifaddresses(iface), iface) for iface in ifaces]

# Filter for only IPv4 addresses
if_inet_addrs = [(tup[0][PROTO], tup[1]) for tup in if_addrs if PROTO in tup[0]]

iface_addrs = [(s['addr'], tup[1]) for tup in if_inet_addrs for s in tup[0] if 'addr' in s]

而且，不，我不喜欢列表理解。这些天我的大脑就是这么运转的。

下面的代码段将全部打印出来:

from __future__ import print_function  # For 2.x folks
from pprint import pprint as pp

print('\nifaces = ', end='')
pp(ifaces)

print('\nif_addrs = ', end='')
pp(if_addrs)

print('\nif_inet_addrs = ', end='')
pp(if_inet_addrs)

print('\niface_addrs = ', end='')
pp(iface_addrs)

享受吧!

[仅限Windows]如果您不想使用外部包，也不想依赖外部Internet服务器，这可能会有所帮助。这是一个代码样本，我在谷歌代码搜索和修改返回所需的信息:

def getIPAddresses():
    from ctypes import Structure, windll, sizeof
    from ctypes import POINTER, byref
    from ctypes import c_ulong, c_uint, c_ubyte, c_char
    MAX_ADAPTER_DESCRIPTION_LENGTH = 128
    MAX_ADAPTER_NAME_LENGTH = 256
    MAX_ADAPTER_ADDRESS_LENGTH = 8
    class IP_ADDR_STRING(Structure):
        pass
    LP_IP_ADDR_STRING = POINTER(IP_ADDR_STRING)
    IP_ADDR_STRING._fields_ = [
        ("next", LP_IP_ADDR_STRING),
        ("ipAddress", c_char * 16),
        ("ipMask", c_char * 16),
        ("context", c_ulong)]
    class IP_ADAPTER_INFO (Structure):
        pass
    LP_IP_ADAPTER_INFO = POINTER(IP_ADAPTER_INFO)
    IP_ADAPTER_INFO._fields_ = [
        ("next", LP_IP_ADAPTER_INFO),
        ("comboIndex", c_ulong),
        ("adapterName", c_char * (MAX_ADAPTER_NAME_LENGTH + 4)),
        ("description", c_char * (MAX_ADAPTER_DESCRIPTION_LENGTH + 4)),
        ("addressLength", c_uint),
        ("address", c_ubyte * MAX_ADAPTER_ADDRESS_LENGTH),
        ("index", c_ulong),
        ("type", c_uint),
        ("dhcpEnabled", c_uint),
        ("currentIpAddress", LP_IP_ADDR_STRING),
        ("ipAddressList", IP_ADDR_STRING),
        ("gatewayList", IP_ADDR_STRING),
        ("dhcpServer", IP_ADDR_STRING),
        ("haveWins", c_uint),
        ("primaryWinsServer", IP_ADDR_STRING),
        ("secondaryWinsServer", IP_ADDR_STRING),
        ("leaseObtained", c_ulong),
        ("leaseExpires", c_ulong)]
    GetAdaptersInfo = windll.iphlpapi.GetAdaptersInfo
    GetAdaptersInfo.restype = c_ulong
    GetAdaptersInfo.argtypes = [LP_IP_ADAPTER_INFO, POINTER(c_ulong)]
    adapterList = (IP_ADAPTER_INFO * 10)()
    buflen = c_ulong(sizeof(adapterList))
    rc = GetAdaptersInfo(byref(adapterList[0]), byref(buflen))
    if rc == 0:
        for a in adapterList:
            adNode = a.ipAddressList
            while True:
                ipAddr = adNode.ipAddress
                if ipAddr:
                    yield ipAddr
                adNode = adNode.next
                if not adNode:
                    break

用法:

>>> for addr in getIPAddresses():
>>>    print addr
192.168.0.100
10.5.9.207

由于它依赖于windll，这将只在Windows上工作。

要获取ip地址，可以直接在python中使用shell命令:

import socket, subprocess

def get_ip_and_hostname():
    hostname =  socket.gethostname()

    shell_cmd = "ifconfig | awk '/inet addr/{print substr($2,6)}'"
    proc = subprocess.Popen([shell_cmd], stdout=subprocess.PIPE, shell=True)
    (out, err) = proc.communicate()

    ip_list = out.split('\n')
    ip = ip_list[0]

    for _ip in ip_list:
        try:
            if _ip != "127.0.0.1" and _ip.split(".")[3] != "1":
                ip = _ip
        except:
            pass
    return ip, hostname

ip_addr, hostname = get_ip_and_hostname()

Pyroute2是一个很棒的库，不仅可以用来获取IP地址，还可以用来获取网关信息和其他有用的信息。 下面的代码可以获取任意接口的ipv4地址。

from pyroute2 import IPRoute
ip = IPRoute()

def get_ipv4_address(intf):
    return dict(ip.get_addr(label=intf)[0]['attrs'])['IFA_LOCAL']

print(get_ipv4_address('eth0'))

你可以使用netifaces模块。类型:

pip install netifaces

在你的命令shell中，它会在默认的Python安装中安装自己。

然后你可以这样使用它:

from netifaces import interfaces, ifaddresses, AF_INET
for ifaceName in interfaces():
    addresses = [i['addr'] for i in ifaddresses(ifaceName).setdefault(AF_INET, [{'addr':'No IP addr'}] )]
    print '%s: %s' % (ifaceName, ', '.join(addresses))

在我的电脑上，它打印出:

{45639BDC-1050-46E0-9BE9-075C30DE1FBC}: 192.168.0.100
{D43A468B-F3AE-4BF9-9391-4863A4500583}: 10.5.9.207

这个模块的作者声称它应该在Windows、UNIX和Mac OS X上工作。