SQL Server

Newid ()/order by可以工作，但对于大型结果集来说代价非常高，因为它必须为每一行生成一个id，然后对它们进行排序。

从性能的角度来看，TABLESAMPLE()很好，但是您将得到结果的聚集(将返回页面上的所有行)。

为了获得更好的真实随机样本，最好的方法是随机过滤掉行。我在SQL Server Books Online文章使用TABLESAMPLE限制结果集中找到了以下代码示例:

If you really want a random sample of individual rows, modify your query to filter out rows randomly, instead of using TABLESAMPLE. For example, the following query uses the NEWID function to return approximately one percent of the rows of the Sales.SalesOrderDetail table: SELECT * FROM Sales.SalesOrderDetail WHERE 0.01 >= CAST(CHECKSUM(NEWID(),SalesOrderID) & 0x7fffffff AS float) / CAST (0x7fffffff AS int) The SalesOrderID column is included in the CHECKSUM expression so that NEWID() evaluates once per row to achieve sampling on a per-row basis. The expression CAST(CHECKSUM(NEWID(), SalesOrderID) & 0x7fffffff AS float / CAST (0x7fffffff AS int) evaluates to a random float value between 0 and 1.

当对一个有1,000,000行的表运行时，下面是我的结果:

SET STATISTICS TIME ON
SET STATISTICS IO ON

/* newid()
   rows returned: 10000
   logical reads: 3359
   CPU time: 3312 ms
   elapsed time = 3359 ms
*/
SELECT TOP 1 PERCENT Number
FROM Numbers
ORDER BY newid()

/* TABLESAMPLE
   rows returned: 9269 (varies)
   logical reads: 32
   CPU time: 0 ms
   elapsed time: 5 ms
*/
SELECT Number
FROM Numbers
TABLESAMPLE (1 PERCENT)

/* Filter
   rows returned: 9994 (varies)
   logical reads: 3359
   CPU time: 641 ms
   elapsed time: 627 ms
*/    
SELECT Number
FROM Numbers
WHERE 0.01 >= CAST(CHECKSUM(NEWID(), Number) & 0x7fffffff AS float) 
              / CAST (0x7fffffff AS int)

SET STATISTICS IO OFF
SET STATISTICS TIME OFF

如果您可以使用TABLESAMPLE，它将为您提供最佳性能。否则使用newwid ()/filter方法。如果结果集很大，Newid ()/order by应该是最后的选择。

像Jeremies这样的解决方案:

SELECT * FROM table ORDER BY RAND() LIMIT 1

工作，但是它们需要对所有表进行顺序扫描(因为需要计算与每一行相关联的随机值——这样才能确定最小的值)，即使对于中等大小的表，这也是相当慢的。我的建议是使用某种索引数字列(许多表都将这些列作为主键)，然后编写如下内容:

SELECT * FROM table WHERE num_value >= RAND() * 
    ( SELECT MAX (num_value ) FROM table ) 
ORDER BY num_value LIMIT 1

如果num_value被索引，那么无论表大小如何，它都在对数时间内工作。注意:这里假设num_value在0..MAX(num_value)范围内均匀分布。如果您的数据集严重偏离这个假设，您将得到倾斜的结果(一些行会比其他行出现得更频繁)。

似乎列出的许多想法仍然使用排序

但是，如果使用临时表，则可以分配一个随机索引(就像许多解决方案所建议的那样)，然后获取第一个大于0到1之间任意数字的索引。

例如(对于DB2):

WITH TEMP AS (
SELECT COMLUMN, RAND() AS IDX FROM TABLE)
SELECT COLUMN FROM TABLE WHERE IDX > .5
FETCH FIRST 1 ROW ONLY

火鸟:

Select FIRST 1 column from table ORDER BY RAND()

对于SQL Server 2005和2008，如果我们想要一个随机的个别行样本(来自Books Online):

SELECT * FROM Sales.SalesOrderDetail
WHERE 0.01 >= CAST(CHECKSUM(NEWID(), SalesOrderID) & 0x7fffffff AS float)
/ CAST (0x7fffffff AS int)

请参阅这篇文章:从数据库表中随机选择一行的SQL。它介绍了在MySQL, PostgreSQL, Microsoft SQL Server, IBM DB2和Oracle中执行此操作的方法(以下内容是从该链接复制的):

用MySQL随机选择一行:

SELECT column FROM table
ORDER BY RAND()
LIMIT 1

使用PostgreSQL随机选择一行:

SELECT column FROM table
ORDER BY RANDOM()
LIMIT 1

使用Microsoft SQL Server随机选择一行:

SELECT TOP 1 column FROM table
ORDER BY NEWID()

使用IBM DB2选择一个随机行

SELECT column, RAND() as IDX 
FROM table 
ORDER BY IDX FETCH FIRST 1 ROWS ONLY

使用Oracle随机选择一条记录:

SELECT column FROM
( SELECT column FROM table
ORDER BY dbms_random.value )
WHERE rownum = 1