我在Reddit上读到jng的一篇精彩的解释，用里程表做类比。

It is a useful convention. The same circuits and logic operations that add / subtract positive numbers in binary still work on both positive and negative numbers if using the convention, that's why it's so useful and omnipresent. Imagine the odometer of a car, it rolls around at (say) 99999. If you increment 00000 you get 00001. If you decrement 00000, you get 99999 (due to the roll-around). If you add one back to 99999 it goes back to 00000. So it's useful to decide that 99999 represents -1. Likewise, it is very useful to decide that 99998 represents -2, and so on. You have to stop somewhere, and also by convention, the top half of the numbers are deemed to be negative (50000-99999), and the bottom half positive just stand for themselves (00000-49999). As a result, the top digit being 5-9 means the represented number is negative, and it being 0-4 means the represented is positive - exactly the same as the top bit representing sign in a two's complement binary number. Understanding this was hard for me too. Once I got it and went back to re-read the books articles and explanations (there was no internet back then), it turned out a lot of those describing it didn't really understand it. I did write a book teaching assembly language after that (which did sell quite well for 10 years).

Two的补码是一种存储整数的聪明方法，因此常见的数学问题很容易实现。

为了理解，你必须把数字想象成二进制。

它基本上是说，

对于0，用所有的0。 对于正整数，开始计数，最大值为2(位数-1)-1。 对于负整数，做完全相同的事情，但是切换0和1的角色并开始倒数(所以不是从0000开始，而是从1111开始——这是“补”部分)。

让我们尝试一个4位的迷你字节(我们称之为1/2个字节)。

0000 -零 0001 - 1 0010 - 2 0011 - 3 0100到0111,4点到7点

这是我们目前能找到的阳性结果。23-1 = 7。

负面影响:

1111 - 1 1110 - 2 1101 - 3 1100到1000 - - 4到- 8

注意，负数(1000 = -8)有一个额外的值，而正数没有。这是因为0000用于表示零。这可以看作是计算机的数轴。

区分正数和负数

这样一来，第一个位就扮演了“符号”位的角色，因为它可以用来区分非负的十进制值和负的十进制值。如果最高有效位是1，那么二进制就可以说是负的，如果最高有效位(最左边)是0，就可以说十进制值是非负的。

“符号量级”的负数只是将它们的正数对应的符号位颠倒了，但这种方法必须处理将1000(一个1后面跟着所有的0)解释为“负零”，这是令人困惑的。

“1的补”负数只是它们的正数的位补，这也导致了“负零”和1111(都是1)的混淆。

除非你的工作非常接近硬件，否则你可能不需要处理个位补或符号幅度整数表示。

我在Reddit上读到jng的一篇精彩的解释，用里程表做类比。

It is a useful convention. The same circuits and logic operations that add / subtract positive numbers in binary still work on both positive and negative numbers if using the convention, that's why it's so useful and omnipresent. Imagine the odometer of a car, it rolls around at (say) 99999. If you increment 00000 you get 00001. If you decrement 00000, you get 99999 (due to the roll-around). If you add one back to 99999 it goes back to 00000. So it's useful to decide that 99999 represents -1. Likewise, it is very useful to decide that 99998 represents -2, and so on. You have to stop somewhere, and also by convention, the top half of the numbers are deemed to be negative (50000-99999), and the bottom half positive just stand for themselves (00000-49999). As a result, the top digit being 5-9 means the represented number is negative, and it being 0-4 means the represented is positive - exactly the same as the top bit representing sign in a two's complement binary number. Understanding this was hard for me too. Once I got it and went back to re-read the books articles and explanations (there was no internet back then), it turned out a lot of those describing it didn't really understand it. I did write a book teaching assembly language after that (which did sell quite well for 10 years).

2对给定数的补数是1与1的补数相加得到的数。

假设我们有一个二进制数:10111001101

它的1的补位是:01000110010

它的2的补数是:01000110011

到目前为止，许多答案都很好地解释了为什么2的补数被用来表示负数，但没有告诉我们2的补数是什么，尤其是没有告诉我们为什么加了一个“1”，而且实际上经常以错误的方式加。

这种混淆来自于对补数定义的不理解。补语是指使某物完整的缺失部分。

根据定义，n位数x以b为基数的基数补是b^n-x。

在二进制中，4由100表示，它有3位数字(n=3)和基数2 (b=2)。所以它的基数补是b^n-x = 2^3-4=8-4=4(或二进制的100)。

然而，在二进制中，求一个基数的补并不像求它的消简基数补那么容易，消简基数补定义为(b^n-1)-y，只比基数补小1。要得到一个减少的基数补，只需翻转所有的数字。

100 -> 011(减基数补位)

为了得到基数(2的)补，我们只需按定义加1。

011 +1 ->100(2的补码)。

现在，有了这个新的理解，让我们看看Vincent Ramdhanie给出的例子(见上面的第二个回答):

将1111转换为十进制: 这个数从1开始，所以它是负的，所以我们找到1111的补数，也就是0000。 0000加上1，得到0001。 将0001转换为十进制，即1。 应用符号= -1。 大作。

应理解为:

数字从1开始，所以是负的。所以我们知道它是x的一个2的补。为了找到由它的2的补表示的x，我们首先需要找到它的1的补。

x的2的补数是1111 x的补数:1111-1 ->1110; X = 0001，(翻转所有数字)

应用符号-，结果=-x =-1。

你也可以使用在线计算器来计算一个十进制数的补二表示:http://www.convertforfree.com/twos-complement-calculator/