每当在SO上出现关于Java同步的问题时,有些人都急于指出应该避免同步(这一点)。相反,他们声称,对私有引用的锁定是首选的。

其中一些原因是:

一些邪恶的代码可能会偷你的锁(这个很流行,也有一个“意外”变体) 同一类中的所有同步方法都使用完全相同的锁,这降低了吞吐量 你(不必要地)暴露了太多信息

包括我在内的其他人认为,synchronized(this)是一个被大量使用的习语(在Java库中也是如此),是安全的,而且很容易理解。它不应该被避免,因为你有一个错误,你不知道你的多线程程序中发生了什么。换句话说:如果它是适用的,那么就使用它。

我感兴趣的是看到一些现实世界的例子(没有foobar的东西),避免锁定在这是可取的,当同步(这)也会做的工作。

因此:您应该总是避免synchronized(this),并将其替换为私有引用上的锁吗?


一些进一步的信息(随着答案的更新):

we are talking about instance synchronization both implicit (synchronized methods) and explicit form of synchronized(this) are considered if you quote Bloch or other authorities on the subject, don't leave out the parts you don't like (e.g. Effective Java, item on Thread Safety: Typically it is the lock on the instance itself, but there are exceptions.) if you need granularity in your locking other than synchronized(this) provides, then synchronized(this) is not applicable so that's not the issue


当前回答

让我先把结论说出来——对私有字段的锁定对于稍微复杂一点的多线程程序是不起作用的。这是因为多线程是一个全局问题。本地化同步是不可能的,除非你以一种非常防御的方式写(例如,复制所有传递给其他线程的内容)。


下面是详细的解释:

同步包括三个部分:原子性、可见性和有序性

同步块是非常粗糙的同步级别。正如您所期望的那样,它加强了可见性和排序。但是对于原子性,它并不能提供太多的保护。原子性要求程序的全局知识,而不是局部知识。(这使得多线程编程非常困难)

假设我们有一个Account类,它有存取款方法。它们都是基于一个私有锁进行同步的,就像这样:

class Account {
    private Object lock = new Object();

    void withdraw(int amount) {
        synchronized(lock) {
            // ...
        }
    }

    void deposit(int amount) {
        synchronized(lock) {
            // ...
        }
    }
}

考虑到我们需要实现一个更高级别的类来处理传输,就像这样:

class AccountManager {
    void transfer(Account fromAcc, Account toAcc, int amount) {
        if (fromAcc.getBalance() > amount) {
            fromAcc.setBalance(fromAcc.getBalance() - amount);
            toAcc.setBalance(toAcc.getBalance + amount);
        }
    }
}

假设我们现在有两个账户,

Account john;
Account marry;

如果Account.deposit()和Account.withdraw()被内部锁定。这将导致问题时,我们有2个线程工作:

// Some thread
void threadA() {
    john.withdraw(500);
}

// Another thread
void threadB() {
    accountManager.transfer(john, marry, 100);
}

因为线程a和线程b有可能同时运行。线程B完成条件检查,线程A退出,线程B再次退出。这意味着即使约翰的账户上没有足够的钱,我们也可以从他那里提取100美元。这将打破原子性。

您可能会提出:为什么不将withdraw()和deposit()添加到AccountManager中呢?但是根据这个提议,我们需要创建一个多线程安全的Map,将不同的帐户映射到它们的锁。我们需要在执行后删除锁(否则会泄漏内存)。我们还需要确保没有其他用户直接访问Account.withdraw()。这将引入许多微妙的错误。

正确且最常用的方法是在Account中公开锁。并让AccountManager使用锁。但在这种情况下,为什么不直接使用对象本身呢?

class Account {
    synchronized void withdraw(int amount) {
        // ...
    }

    synchronized void deposit(int amount) {
        // ...
    }
}

class AccountManager {
    void transfer(Account fromAcc, Account toAcc, int amount) {
        // Ensure locking order to prevent deadlock
        Account firstLock = fromAcc.hashCode() < toAcc.hashCode() ? fromAcc : toAcc;
        Account secondLock = fromAcc.hashCode() < toAcc.hashCode() ? toAcc : fromAcc;

        synchronized(firstLock) {
            synchronized(secondLock) {
                if (fromAcc.getBalance() > amount) {
                    fromAcc.setBalance(fromAcc.getBalance() - amount);
                    toAcc.setBalance(toAcc.getBalance + amount);
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

简而言之,私有锁不适用于稍微复杂一点的多线程程序。

(转载自https://stackoverflow.com/a/67877650/474197)

其他回答

这里已经说过,同步块可以使用用户定义的变量作为锁对象,当同步函数只使用“this”时。当然,你也可以对函数中需要同步的部分进行操作。

但是每个人都说synchronized函数和block之间没有区别,block覆盖了使用“this”作为锁对象的整个函数。这是不对的,不同的是字节码,将在这两种情况下产生。在同步块使用的情况下,应该分配本地变量,其中包含引用“this”。因此,我们会得到一个更大的函数(如果你只有几个函数,这就无关紧要了)。

你可以在这里找到更详细的解释: http://www.artima.com/insidejvm/ed2/threadsynchP.html

同步块的使用也不好,原因如下:

synchronized关键字在一个方面非常有限:当退出一个同步块时,所有等待该锁的线程都必须被解除阻塞,但只有其中一个线程可以获得锁;所有其他人都看到锁已被占用,并返回阻塞状态。这不仅仅是浪费了大量的处理周期:为解除线程阻塞而进行的上下文切换通常还涉及从磁盘调出内存,这是非常非常昂贵的。

关于这方面的更多细节,我建议你阅读这篇文章: http://java.dzone.com/articles/synchronized-considered

如果你已经决定:

你要做的就是锁定目标 当前对象;而且 你想要 锁定粒度小于 整体方法;

那么我就不认为synchronizezd是一个禁忌。

Some people deliberately use synchronized(this) (instead of marking the method synchronized) inside the whole contents of a method because they think it's "clearer to the reader" which object is actually being synchronized on. So long as people are making an informed choice (e.g. understand that by doing so they're actually inserting extra bytecodes into the method and this could have a knock-on effect on potential optimisations), I don't particularly see a problem with this. You should always document the concurrent behaviour of your program, so I don't see the "'synchronized' publishes the behaviour" argument as being so compelling.

至于应该使用哪个对象的锁的问题,我认为在当前对象上同步并没有什么错,如果这是你所做的逻辑所期望的,以及你的类通常是如何被使用的。例如,对于集合,逻辑上期望锁定的对象通常是集合本身。

I think there is a good explanation on why each of these are vital techniques under your belt in a book called Java Concurrency In Practice by Brian Goetz. He makes one point very clear - you must use the same lock "EVERYWHERE" to protect the state of your object. Synchronised method and synchronising on an object often go hand in hand. E.g. Vector synchronises all its methods. If you have a handle to a vector object and are going to do "put if absent" then merely Vector synchronising its own individual methods isn't going to protect you from corruption of state. You need to synchronise using synchronised (vectorHandle). This will result in the SAME lock being acquired by every thread which has a handle to the vector and will protect overall state of the vector. This is called client side locking. We do know as a matter of fact vector does synchronised (this) / synchronises all its methods and hence synchronising on the object vectorHandle will result in proper synchronisation of vector objects state. Its foolish to believe that you are thread safe just because you are using a thread safe collection. This is precisely the reason ConcurrentHashMap explicitly introduced putIfAbsent method - to make such operations atomic.

总之

Synchronising at method level allows client side locking. If you have a private lock object - it makes client side locking impossible. This is fine if you know that your class doesn't have "put if absent" type of functionality. If you are designing a library - then synchronising on this or synchronising the method is often wiser. Because you are rarely in a position to decide how your class is going to be used. Had Vector used a private lock object - it would have been impossible to get "put if absent" right. The client code will never gain a handle to the private lock thus breaking the fundamental rule of using the EXACT SAME LOCK to protect its state. Synchronising on this or synchronised methods do have a problem as others have pointed out - someone could get a lock and never release it. All other threads would keep waiting for the lock to be released. So know what you are doing and adopt the one that's correct. Someone argued that having a private lock object gives you better granularity - e.g. if two operations are unrelated - they could be guarded by different locks resulting in better throughput. But this i think is design smell and not code smell - if two operations are completely unrelated why are they part of the SAME class? Why should a class club unrelated functionalities at all? May be a utility class? Hmmmm - some util providing string manipulation and calendar date formatting through the same instance?? ... doesn't make any sense to me at least!!

如果可能的话,让你的数据不可变(最终变量) 如果你不能避免跨多个线程共享数据的突变,使用高级编程结构[例如,粒度锁API]

Lock提供对共享资源的独占访问:一次只有一个线程可以获得锁,并且对共享资源的所有访问都要求首先获得锁。

使用ReentrantLock实现Lock接口的示例代码

 class X {
   private final ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();
   // ...

   public void m() {
     lock.lock();  // block until condition holds
     try {
       // ... method body
     } finally {
       lock.unlock()
     }
   }
 }

锁定相对于同步的优势

The use of synchronized methods or statements forces all lock acquisition and release to occur in a block-structured way. Lock implementations provide additional functionality over the use of synchronized methods and statements by providing A non-blocking attempt to acquire a lock (tryLock()) An attempt to acquire the lock that can be interrupted (lockInterruptibly()) An attempt to acquire the lock that can timeout (tryLock(long, TimeUnit)). A Lock class can also provide behavior and semantics that is quite different from that of the implicit monitor lock, such as guaranteed ordering non-re entrant usage Deadlock detection

看看这个关于各种锁的SE问题:

同步vs锁定

您可以通过使用高级并发API而不是synchronized块来实现线程安全。该文档页提供了实现线程安全的良好编程结构。

锁对象支持简化许多并发应用程序的锁定习惯用法。

executor为启动和管理线程定义了高级API。concurrent提供的执行器实现提供了适合大型应用程序的线程池管理。

并发集合使管理大型数据集合变得更容易,并且可以大大减少同步的需要。

原子变量具有最小化同步和帮助避免内存一致性错误的特性。

ThreadLocalRandom(在JDK 7中)提供了从多个线程有效生成伪随机数的功能。

其他编程结构也可以参考java.util.concurrent和java.util.concurrent.atomic包。

我只想提到一种可能的解决方案,用于在没有依赖关系的原子代码部分中惟一的私有引用。您可以使用带锁的静态Hashmap和名为atomic()的简单静态方法,该方法使用堆栈信息(完整的类名和行号)自动创建所需的引用。然后,您可以在同步语句中使用此方法,而无需写入新的锁对象。

// Synchronization objects (locks)
private static HashMap<String, Object> locks = new HashMap<String, Object>();
// Simple method
private static Object atomic() {
    StackTraceElement [] stack = Thread.currentThread().getStackTrace(); // get execution point 
    StackTraceElement exepoint = stack[2];
    // creates unique key from class name and line number using execution point
    String key = String.format("%s#%d", exepoint.getClassName(), exepoint.getLineNumber()); 
    Object lock = locks.get(key); // use old or create new lock
    if (lock == null) {
        lock = new Object();
        locks.put(key, lock);
    }
    return lock; // return reference to lock
}
// Synchronized code
void dosomething1() {
    // start commands
    synchronized (atomic()) {
        // atomic commands 1
        ...
    }
    // other command
}
// Synchronized code
void dosomething2() {
    // start commands
    synchronized (atomic()) {
        // atomic commands 2
        ...
    }
    // other command
}