每当在SO上出现关于Java同步的问题时,有些人都急于指出应该避免同步(这一点)。相反,他们声称,对私有引用的锁定是首选的。

其中一些原因是:

一些邪恶的代码可能会偷你的锁(这个很流行,也有一个“意外”变体) 同一类中的所有同步方法都使用完全相同的锁,这降低了吞吐量 你(不必要地)暴露了太多信息

包括我在内的其他人认为,synchronized(this)是一个被大量使用的习语(在Java库中也是如此),是安全的,而且很容易理解。它不应该被避免,因为你有一个错误,你不知道你的多线程程序中发生了什么。换句话说:如果它是适用的,那么就使用它。

我感兴趣的是看到一些现实世界的例子(没有foobar的东西),避免锁定在这是可取的,当同步(这)也会做的工作。

因此:您应该总是避免synchronized(this),并将其替换为私有引用上的锁吗?


一些进一步的信息(随着答案的更新):

we are talking about instance synchronization both implicit (synchronized methods) and explicit form of synchronized(this) are considered if you quote Bloch or other authorities on the subject, don't leave out the parts you don't like (e.g. Effective Java, item on Thread Safety: Typically it is the lock on the instance itself, but there are exceptions.) if you need granularity in your locking other than synchronized(this) provides, then synchronized(this) is not applicable so that's not the issue


当前回答

在c#和Java阵营中似乎有不同的共识。我看到的大多数Java代码使用:

// apply mutex to this instance
synchronized(this) {
    // do work here
}

而大多数c#代码选择了更安全的:

// instance level lock object
private readonly object _syncObj = new object();

...

// apply mutex to private instance level field (a System.Object usually)
lock(_syncObj)
{
    // do work here
}

c#语言当然更安全。如前所述,不能从实例外部对锁进行恶意/意外访问。Java代码也有这种风险,但随着时间的推移,Java社区似乎倾向于稍微不那么安全,但稍微更简洁的版本。

这并不是对Java的挖苦,只是我在这两种语言上工作的经验的反映。

其他回答

首先需要指出的是:

public void blah() {
  synchronized (this) {
    // do stuff
  }
}

语义上等价于:

public synchronized void blah() {
  // do stuff
}

这是不使用synchronized(this)的一个原因。您可能会说,您可以围绕synchronized(this)块做一些事情。通常的原因是试图避免必须进行同步检查,这将导致各种并发问题,特别是双重检查锁定问题,这表明要使一个相对简单的检查具有线程安全性是多么困难。

私有锁是一种防御机制,这从来都不是一个坏主意。

另外,正如您所提到的,私有锁可以控制粒度。一个对象上的一组操作可能与另一组完全无关,但同步(这)将相互排除对所有这些操作的访问。

同步(这个)真的不能给你任何东西。

I think there is a good explanation on why each of these are vital techniques under your belt in a book called Java Concurrency In Practice by Brian Goetz. He makes one point very clear - you must use the same lock "EVERYWHERE" to protect the state of your object. Synchronised method and synchronising on an object often go hand in hand. E.g. Vector synchronises all its methods. If you have a handle to a vector object and are going to do "put if absent" then merely Vector synchronising its own individual methods isn't going to protect you from corruption of state. You need to synchronise using synchronised (vectorHandle). This will result in the SAME lock being acquired by every thread which has a handle to the vector and will protect overall state of the vector. This is called client side locking. We do know as a matter of fact vector does synchronised (this) / synchronises all its methods and hence synchronising on the object vectorHandle will result in proper synchronisation of vector objects state. Its foolish to believe that you are thread safe just because you are using a thread safe collection. This is precisely the reason ConcurrentHashMap explicitly introduced putIfAbsent method - to make such operations atomic.

总之

Synchronising at method level allows client side locking. If you have a private lock object - it makes client side locking impossible. This is fine if you know that your class doesn't have "put if absent" type of functionality. If you are designing a library - then synchronising on this or synchronising the method is often wiser. Because you are rarely in a position to decide how your class is going to be used. Had Vector used a private lock object - it would have been impossible to get "put if absent" right. The client code will never gain a handle to the private lock thus breaking the fundamental rule of using the EXACT SAME LOCK to protect its state. Synchronising on this or synchronised methods do have a problem as others have pointed out - someone could get a lock and never release it. All other threads would keep waiting for the lock to be released. So know what you are doing and adopt the one that's correct. Someone argued that having a private lock object gives you better granularity - e.g. if two operations are unrelated - they could be guarded by different locks resulting in better throughput. But this i think is design smell and not code smell - if two operations are completely unrelated why are they part of the SAME class? Why should a class club unrelated functionalities at all? May be a utility class? Hmmmm - some util providing string manipulation and calendar date formatting through the same instance?? ... doesn't make any sense to me at least!!

这实际上只是对其他答案的补充,但如果你对使用私有对象进行锁定的主要反对意见是,它会使你的类与与业务逻辑无关的字段混乱,那么Project Lombok有@Synchronized在编译时生成样板:

@Synchronized
public int foo() {
    return 0;
}

编译,

private final Object $lock = new Object[0];

public int foo() {
    synchronized($lock) {
        return 0;
    }
}

当您使用synchronized(this)时,您正在使用类实例作为锁本身。这意味着当线程1获得锁时,线程2应该等待。

假设有以下代码:

public void method1() {
    // do something ...
    synchronized(this) {
        a ++;      
    }
    // ................
}


public void method2() {
    // do something ...
    synchronized(this) {
        b ++;      
    }
    // ................
}

方法一修改变量a,方法二修改变量b,应避免两个线程同时修改同一个变量。但是当thread1修改a和thread2修改b时,它可以在没有任何竞争条件的情况下执行。

不幸的是,上面的代码不允许这样做,因为我们对锁使用了相同的引用;这意味着线程即使没有处于竞争状态也应该等待,显然代码牺牲了程序的并发性。

解决方案是对两个不同的变量使用两个不同的锁:

public class Test {

    private Object lockA = new Object();
    private Object lockB = new Object();

    public void method1() {
        // do something ...
        synchronized(lockA) {
            a ++;      
        }
        // ................
    }


    public void method2() {
        // do something ...
        synchronized(lockB) {
            b ++;      
        }
        // ................
    }

}

上面的例子使用了更细粒度的锁(2个锁而不是一个锁(分别针对变量a和变量b的lockA和lockB),结果允许更好的并发性,另一方面,它变得比第一个例子更复杂……

这取决于你想做的任务,但我不会用它。此外,检查您想要完成的线程保存是否不能首先通过同步(此)来完成?API中也有一些不错的锁,可能会帮助到你:)