使用熊猫:

>>> import pandas as pd
>>> a = [1, 2, 1, 3, 3, 3, 0]
>>> pd.Series(a)[pd.Series(a).duplicated()].values
array([1, 3, 3])

list2 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 2, 3]
lset = set()
[(lset.add(item), list2.append(item))
 for item in list2 if item not in lset]
print list(lset)

使用toolz时:

from toolz import frequencies, valfilter

a = [1,2,2,3,4,5,4]
>>> list(valfilter(lambda count: count > 1, frequencies(a)).keys())
[2,4] 

def removeduplicates(a):
  seen = set()

  for i in a:
    if i not in seen:
      seen.add(i)
  return seen 

print(removeduplicates([1,1,2,2]))

一句话解决方案:

set([i for i in list if sum([1 for a in list if a == i]) > 1])

在没有任何python数据结构的帮助下，你可以简单地尝试下面的代码。这将工作于寻找重复的各种输入，如字符串，列表等。

# finding duplicates in unsorted an array 
def duplicates(numbers):
    store=[]
    checked=[]
    for i in range(len(numbers)):
        counter =1 
        for j in range(i+1,len(numbers)):
            if numbers[i] not in checked and numbers[j]==numbers[i] :
                counter +=1 
        if counter > 1 :
            store.append(numbers[i])
            checked.append(numbers[i])
    return store

print(duplicates([1,2,2,3,3,3,4,4,5]))  # output:  [2, 3, 4]
print(duplicates("madam"))              # output:  ['m', 'a']