一般来说，它是一种使用相同或表面上相似的API来为许多不同类型的对象提供接口的能力。有多种形式:

Function overloading: defining multiple functions with the same name and different parameter types, such as sqrt(float), sqrt(double) and sqrt(complex). In most languages that allow this, the compiler will automatically select the correct one for the type of argument being passed into it, thus this is compile-time polymorphism. Virtual methods in OOP: a method of a class can have various implementations tailored to the specifics of its subclasses; each of these is said to override the implementation given in the base class. Given an object that may be of the base class or any of its subclasses, the correct implementation is selected on the fly, thus this is run-time polymorphism. Templates: a feature of some OO languages whereby a function, class, etc. can be parameterised by a type. For example, you can define a generic "list" template class, and then instantiate it as "list of integers", "list of strings", maybe even "list of lists of strings" or the like. Generally, you write the code once for a data structure of arbitrary element type, and the compiler generates versions of it for the various element types.

多态:

根据类的实例而不是引用变量的类型执行不同的执行。

接口类型引用变量可以引用实现该接口的任何类实例。

多态性是程序员编写同名方法的能力，这些方法根据对象的需要，为不同类型的对象做不同的事情。例如，如果您正在开发一个名为Fraction的类和一个名为ComplexNumber的类，这两个类都可能包含一个名为display()的方法，但它们各自实现该方法的方式不同。例如，在PHP中，你可以这样实现它:

//  Class definitions

class Fraction
{
    public $numerator;
    public $denominator;

    public function __construct($n, $d)
    {
        //  In real life, you'd do some type checking, making sure $d != 0, etc.
        $this->numerator = $n;
        $this->denominator = $d;
    }

    public function display()
    {
        echo $this->numerator . '/' . $this->denominator;
    }
}

class ComplexNumber
{
    public $real;
    public $imaginary;

    public function __construct($a, $b)
    {
        $this->real = $a;
        $this->imaginary = $b;
    }

    public function display()
    {
        echo $this->real . '+' . $this->imaginary . 'i';
    }
}


//  Main program

$fraction = new Fraction(1, 2);
$complex = new ComplexNumber(1, 2);

echo 'This is a fraction: '
$fraction->display();
echo "\n";

echo 'This is a complex number: '
$complex->display();
echo "\n";

输出:

This is a fraction: 1/2
This is a complex number: 1 + 2i

其他一些答案似乎暗示多态性只与继承一起使用;例如，可能Fraction和ComplexNumber都实现了一个名为Number的抽象类，该类有一个方法display()， Fraction和ComplexNumber都必须实现这个方法。但是您不需要继承来利用多态性。

至少在动态类型语言如PHP(我不知道c++或Java)中，多态性允许开发人员调用方法，而不必事先知道对象的类型，并相信将调用方法的正确实现。例如，假设用户选择创建的数字类型:

$userNumberChoice = $_GET['userNumberChoice'];

switch ($userNumberChoice) {
    case 'fraction':
        $userNumber = new Fraction(1, 2);
        break;
    case 'complex':
        $userNumber = new ComplexNumber(1, 2);
        break;
}

echo "The user's number is: ";
$userNumber->display();
echo "\n";

在这种情况下，将调用适当的display()方法，尽管开发人员无法提前知道用户将选择分数还是复数。

从理解和应用PHP多态性，感谢Steve Guidetti。

Polymorphism is a long word for a very simple concept. Polymorphism describes a pattern in object oriented programming in which classes have different functionality while sharing a common interface. The beauty of polymorphism is that the code working with the different classes does not need to know which class it is using since they’re all used the same way. A real world analogy for polymorphism is a button. Everyone knows how to use a button: you simply apply pressure to it. What a button “does,” however, depends on what it is connected to and the context in which it is used — but the result does not affect how it is used. If your boss tells you to press a button, you already have all the information needed to perform the task. In the programming world, polymorphism is used to make applications more modular and extensible. Instead of messy conditional statements describing different courses of action, you create interchangeable objects that you select based on your needs. That is the basic goal of polymorphism.

在面向对象编程中，多态性指的是编程语言根据对象的数据类型或类对对象进行不同处理的能力。更具体地说，它是为派生类重新定义方法的能力。

多态性是一种将对象类视为父类的能力。

例如，假设有一个类叫Animal，还有一个类叫Dog，它继承自Animal。多态性是将任何Dog对象视为Animal对象的能力，如下所示:

Dog* dog = new Dog;
Animal* animal = dog;