我的两句台词……面试官一般想要以下答案。

哈希是一种方法。您不能将数据/字符串从哈希代码转换。

加密是两种方式-如果你有密钥，你可以再次解密加密的字符串。

哈希和加密/解密技术的基本概述如下。

散列:

如果你再次哈希任何纯文本，你不能得到相同的纯文本 散列文本中的文本。简单地说，这是一个单向的过程。

加密和解密:

如果你加密任何纯文本与密钥再次你可以 通过使用相同(对称)/不同(不对称)密钥对加密文本进行解密来获得相同的纯文本。

更新: 解决编辑问题中提到的问题。

1. When to use hashes vs encryptions Hashing is useful if you want to send someone a file. But you are afraid that someone else might intercept the file and change it. So a way that the recipient can make sure that it is the right file is if you post the hash value publicly. That way the recipient can compute the hash value of the file received and check that it matches the hash value. Encryption is good if you say have a message to send to someone. You encrypt the message with a key and the recipient decrypts with the same (or maybe even a different) key to get back the original message. credits

2. 是什么使哈希或加密算法不同(从理论/数学层面)，即什么使哈希不可逆 (没有彩虹树的帮助)

Basically hashing is an operation that loses information but not encryption. Let's look at the difference in simple mathematical way for our easy understanding, of course both have much more complicated mathematical operations with repetitions involved in it Encryption/Decryption (Reversible): Addition: 4 + 3 = 7 This can be reversed by taking the sum and subtracting one of the addends 7 - 3 = 4 Multiplication: 4 * 5 = 20 This can be reversed by taking the product and dividing by one of the factors 20 / 4 = 5 So, here we could assume one of the addends/factors is a decryption key and result(7,20) is an encrypted text. Hashing (Not Reversible): Modulo division: 22 % 7 = 1 This can not be reversed because there is no operation that you can do to the quotient and the dividend to reconstitute the divisor (or vice versa). Can you find an operation to fill in where the '?' is? 1 ? 7 = 22 1 ? 22 = 7 So hash functions have the same mathematical quality as modulo division and lose the information.

学分

对称加密:

对称加密也可以称为共享密钥或共享秘密加密。在对称加密中，一个密钥同时用于加密和解密流量。

非对称加密:

非对称加密也称为公钥加密。非对称加密与对称加密的主要区别在于使用两个密钥:一个用于加密，一个用于解密。最常用的非对称加密算法是RSA。

与对称加密相比，非对称加密施加了很高的计算负担，并且往往要慢得多。因此，它通常不用于保护有效负载数据。相反，它的主要优势在于能够在不安全的媒介(例如Internet)上建立安全通道。这是通过交换公钥来完成的，而公钥只能用于加密数据。互补私钥(从不共享)用于解密。

散列:

最后，哈希是一种不同于加密的加密安全形式。加密是一个两步过程，用于首先加密消息，然后解密消息，而哈希将消息压缩为不可逆的固定长度值或哈希。网络中最常见的两种哈希算法是MD5和SHA-1。

更多信息请点击:http://packetlife.net/blog/2010/nov/23/symmetric-asymmetric-encryption-hashing/

Cryptography deals with numbers and strings. Basically every digital thing in the entire universe are numbers. When I say numbers, its 0 & 1. You know what they are, binary. The images you see on screen, the music that you listen through your earphone, everything are binaries. But our ears and eyes will not understand binaries right? Only brain could understand that, and even if it could understand binaries, it can’t enjoy binaries. So we convert the binaries to human understandable formats such as mp3,jpg,etc. Let’s term the process as Encoding. It’s two way process and can be easily decoded back to its original form.

哈希

哈希是另一种加密技术，数据一旦转换为其他形式就永远无法恢复。用门外汉的话说，没有所谓去哈希的过程。有许多哈希函数来完成这项工作，如sha-512, md5等。

如果原始值不能恢复，那么我们在哪里使用它?密码!当你为你的手机或电脑设置密码时，你的密码哈希会被创建并存储在一个安全的地方。当您下次尝试登录时，输入的字符串再次使用相同的算法(哈希函数)进行散列，输出与存储的值匹配。如果相同，则登录。否则你就会被赶出去。

Credits: wikimedia By applying hash to the password, we can ensure that an attacker will never get our password even if he steal the stored password file. The attacker will have the hash of the password. He can probably find a list of most commonly used passwords and apply sha-512 to each of it and compare it with the value in his hand. It is called the dictionary attack. But how long would he do this? If your password is random enough, do you think this method of cracking would work? All the passwords in the databases of Facebook, Google and Amazon are hashed, or at least they are supposed to be hashed.

然后是加密

加密介于哈希和编码之间。编码是一个双向过程，不应该用来提供安全性。加密也是一个双向过程，但是当且仅当知道加密密钥时才能检索原始数据。如果您不知道加密是如何工作的，不要担心，我们将在这里讨论基础知识。这就足以理解SSL的基础知识了。因此，有两种类型的加密，即对称加密和非对称加密。

对称密钥加密

I am trying to keep things as simple as I could. So, let’s understand the symmetric encryption by means of a shift algorithm. This algorithm is used to encrypt alphabets by shifting the letters to either left or right. Let’s take a string CRYPTO and consider a number +3. Then, the encrypted format of CRYPTO will be FUBSWR. That means each letter is shifted to right by 3 places. Here, the word CRYPTO is called Plaintext, the output FUBSWR is called the Ciphertext, the value +3 is called the Encryption key (symmetric key) and the whole process is a cipher. This is one of the oldest and basic symmetric key encryption algorithm and its first usage was reported during the time of Julius Caesar. So, it was named after him and it is the famous Caesar Cipher. Anyone who knows the encryption key and can apply the reverse of Caesar’s algorithm and retrieve the original Plaintext. Hence it is called a Symmetric Encryption.

非对称密钥加密

We know that, in Symmetric encryption same key is used for both encryption and decryption. Once that key is stolen, all the data is gone. That’s a huge risk and we need more complex technique. In 1976, Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman first published the concept of Asymmetric encryption and the algorithm was known as Diffie–Hellman key exchange. Then in 1978, Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir and Leonard Adleman of MIT published the RSA algorithm. These can be considered as the foundation of Asymmetric cryptography.

As compared to Symmetric encryption, in Asymmetric encryption, there will be two keys instead of one. One is called the Public key, and the other one is the Private key. Theoretically, during initiation we can generate the Public-Private key pair to our machine. Private key should be kept in a safe place and it should never be shared with anyone. Public key, as the name indicates, can be shared with anyone who wish to send encrypted text to you. Now, those who have your public key can encrypt the secret data with it. If the key pair were generated using RSA algorithm, then they should use the same algorithm while encrypting the data. Usually the algorithm will be specified in the public key. The encrypted data can only be decrypted with the private key which is owned by you.

来源:SSL/TLS for dummies第1部分:加密套件，哈希，加密| WST (https://www.wst.space/ssl-part1-ciphersuite-hashing-encryption/)

我的两句台词……面试官一般想要以下答案。

哈希是一种方法。您不能将数据/字符串从哈希代码转换。

加密是两种方式-如果你有密钥，你可以再次解密加密的字符串。

当你不想返回原始输入时，使用哈希，当你想要返回原始输入时，使用加密。

哈希表获取一些输入并将其转换为一些位(通常被认为是一个数字，如32位整数，64位整数等)。相同的输入总是会产生相同的散列，但是在这个过程中你主要会丢失信息，所以你不能可靠地重现原始输入(但是有一些注意事项)。

加密主要保留了您输入到加密函数中的所有信息，只是使任何人在不拥有特定密钥的情况下很难(理想情况下不可能)逆转到原始输入。

哈希的简单例子

这里有一个简单的例子来帮助您理解为什么哈希(在一般情况下)不能返回原始输入。假设我要创建一个1位哈希。我的哈希函数接受一个比特字符串作为输入，如果输入字符串中设置了偶数位，则将哈希值设置为1，如果输入字符串中设置了奇数位，则设置为0。

例子:

Input    Hash
0010     0
0011     1
0110     1
1000     0

注意，有许多输入值的哈希值为0，也有许多输入值的哈希值为1。如果你知道哈希值是0，你就不能确定原始输入是什么。

顺便说一下，这个1位哈希并不是完全人为的…看看奇偶校验位。

加密的简单例子

你可以通过使用简单的字母替换来加密文本，比如如果输入是a，你就写B。如果输入是B，你就写c。一直到字母表的末尾，如果输入是Z，你又写a。

Input   Encrypted
CAT     DBU
ZOO     APP

就像简单的哈希示例一样，这种类型的加密在历史上也被使用过。