这就是它的设计方式——这是有意义的，因为通常，你会在一个可迭代对象上调用bytes，而不是单个整数:

>>> bytes([3])
b'\x03'

文档声明了这一点，以及字节的文档字符串:

>>> help(bytes)
...
bytes(int) -> bytes object of size given by the parameter initialized with null bytes

>>> chr(116).encode()
b't'

虽然brunsgaard的先前答案是一种有效的编码，但它仅适用于无符号整数。这个函数构建在有符号整数和无符号整数的基础上。

def int_to_bytes(i: int, *, signed: bool = False) -> bytes:
    length = ((i + ((i * signed) < 0)).bit_length() + 7 + signed) // 8
    return i.to_bytes(length, byteorder='big', signed=signed)

def bytes_to_int(b: bytes, *, signed: bool = False) -> int:
    return int.from_bytes(b, byteorder='big', signed=signed)

# Test unsigned:
for i in range(1025):
    assert i == bytes_to_int(int_to_bytes(i))

# Test signed:
for i in range(-1024, 1025):
    assert i == bytes_to_int(int_to_bytes(i, signed=True), signed=True)

对于编码器，使用(i + ((i * signed) < 0) .bit_length()而不是i.bit_length()，因为后者会导致-128，-32768等低效编码。

归功于:CervEd修复了一个小的低效率。

Python 3.5+为字节引入了%-插值(printf风格的格式化):

>>> b'%d\r\n' % 3
b'3\r\n'

参见PEP 0461—向bytes和bytearray添加%格式。

在早期版本中，你可以使用str和.encode('ascii')结果:

>>> s = '%d\r\n' % 3
>>> s.encode('ascii')
b'3\r\n'

注意:它与int不同。to_bytes产生:

>>> n = 3
>>> n.to_bytes((n.bit_length() + 7) // 8, 'big') or b'\0'
b'\x03'
>>> b'3' == b'\x33' != b'\x03'
True

你可以使用结构体的包:

In [11]: struct.pack(">I", 1)
Out[11]: '\x00\x00\x00\x01'

“>”是字节顺序(大端序)，“I”是格式字符。所以如果你想做别的事情，你可以具体一点:

In [12]: struct.pack("<H", 1)
Out[12]: '\x01\x00'

In [13]: struct.pack("B", 1)
Out[13]: '\x01'

这在python 2和python 3上都是一样的。

注意:反向操作(字节到int)可以通过unpack完成。

我对范围为[0,255]的单个int的各种方法的性能很好奇，所以我决定做一些定时测试。

根据下面的时间，以及我从尝试许多不同的值和配置中观察到的总体趋势，struct。Pack似乎是最快的，其次是int。To_bytes、bytes和str.encode(不出意外)是最慢的。注意，结果显示了比所表示的更多的变化，并且int。To_bytes和bytes在测试过程中有时会切换速度排名，但是struct。Pack显然是最快的。

在Windows上的CPython 3.7中的结果:

Testing with 63:
bytes_: 100000 loops, best of 5: 3.3 usec per loop
to_bytes: 100000 loops, best of 5: 2.72 usec per loop
struct_pack: 100000 loops, best of 5: 2.32 usec per loop
chr_encode: 50000 loops, best of 5: 3.66 usec per loop

测试模块(命名为int_to_byte.py):

"""Functions for converting a single int to a bytes object with that int's value."""

import random
import shlex
import struct
import timeit

def bytes_(i):
    """From Tim Pietzcker's answer:
    https://stackoverflow.com/a/21017834/8117067
    """
    return bytes([i])

def to_bytes(i):
    """From brunsgaard's answer:
    https://stackoverflow.com/a/30375198/8117067
    """
    return i.to_bytes(1, byteorder='big')

def struct_pack(i):
    """From Andy Hayden's answer:
    https://stackoverflow.com/a/26920966/8117067
    """
    return struct.pack('B', i)

# Originally, jfs's answer was considered for testing,
# but the result is not identical to the other methods
# https://stackoverflow.com/a/31761722/8117067

def chr_encode(i):
    """Another method, from Quuxplusone's answer here:
    https://codereview.stackexchange.com/a/210789/140921
    
    Similar to g10guang's answer:
    https://stackoverflow.com/a/51558790/8117067
    """
    return chr(i).encode('latin1')

converters = [bytes_, to_bytes, struct_pack, chr_encode]

def one_byte_equality_test():
    """Test that results are identical for ints in the range [0, 255]."""
    for i in range(256):
        results = [c(i) for c in converters]
        # Test that all results are equal
        start = results[0]
        if any(start != b for b in results):
            raise ValueError(results)

def timing_tests(value=None):
    """Test each of the functions with a random int."""
    if value is None:
        # random.randint takes more time than int to byte conversion
        # so it can't be a part of the timeit call
        value = random.randint(0, 255)
    print(f'Testing with {value}:')
    for c in converters:
        print(f'{c.__name__}: ', end='')
        # Uses technique borrowed from https://stackoverflow.com/q/19062202/8117067
        timeit.main(args=shlex.split(
            f"-s 'from int_to_byte import {c.__name__}; value = {value}' " +
            f"'{c.__name__}(value)'"
        ))