目标是创建一个行为类似db结果集的模拟类。

例如,如果一个数据库查询返回,使用dict表达式,{'ab':100, 'cd':200},那么我想看到:

>>> dummy.ab
100

一开始我想也许我可以这样做:

ks = ['ab', 'cd']
vs = [12, 34]
class C(dict):
    def __init__(self, ks, vs):
        for i, k in enumerate(ks):
            self[k] = vs[i]
            setattr(self, k, property(lambda x: vs[i], self.fn_readyonly))

    def fn_readonly(self, v)
        raise "It is ready only"

if __name__ == "__main__":
    c = C(ks, vs)
    print c.ab

但是cab返回一个属性对象。

用k = property(lambda x: vs[i])替换setattr行根本没有用。

那么,在运行时创建实例属性的正确方法是什么呢?

附注:我知道在如何使用__getattribute__方法中提出了一个替代方案?


当前回答

你不需要使用属性。只需重写__setattr__,使其为只读。

class C(object):
    def __init__(self, keys, values):
        for (key, value) in zip(keys, values):
            self.__dict__[key] = value

    def __setattr__(self, name, value):
        raise Exception("It is read only!")

Tada。

>>> c = C('abc', [1,2,3])
>>> c.a
1
>>> c.b
2
>>> c.c
3
>>> c.d
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: 'C' object has no attribute 'd'
>>> c.d = 42
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "<stdin>", line 6, in __setattr__
Exception: It is read only!
>>> c.a = 'blah'
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "<stdin>", line 6, in __setattr__
Exception: It is read only!

其他回答

如果需求是基于某些实例属性动态生成属性,那么下面的代码可能会有用:

import random  

class Foo:
    def __init__(self, prop_names: List[str], should_property_be_zero: bool = False) -> None:
        self.prop_names = prop_names
        self.should_property_be_zero = should_property_be_zero
        
    def create_properties(self):
        for name in self.prop_names:
            setattr(self.__class__, name, property(fget=lambda self: 0 if self.should_property_be_zero else random.randint(1, 100)))

需要注意的重要一点是使用setattr(self。__class__进行名称,…),而不是setattr(自我、名称…)

使用的例子:

In [261]: prop_names = ['a', 'b']

In [262]: ff = Foo(prop_names=prop_names, should_property_be_zero=False)

In [263]: ff.create_properties()

In [264]: ff.a
Out[264]: 10

In [265]: ff.b
Out[265]: 37

In [266]: ft = Foo(prop_names=prop_names, should_property_be_zero=True)

In [267]: ft.create_properties()

In [268]: ft.a
Out[268]: 0

In [269]: ft.b
Out[269]: 0

设置属性将引发AttributeError:不能按预期设置属性:

In [270]: ff.a = 5
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
AttributeError                            Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-270-5f9cad5b617d> in <module>
----> 1 ff.a = 5

AttributeError: can't set attribute

In [271]: ft.a = 5
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
AttributeError                            Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-271-65e7b8e25b67> in <module>
----> 1 ft.a = 5

AttributeError: can't set attribute

最好的方法是定义__slots__。这样你的实例就不能有新的属性。

ks = ['ab', 'cd']
vs = [12, 34]

class C(dict):
    __slots__ = []
    def __init__(self, ks, vs): self.update(zip(ks, vs))
    def __getattr__(self, key): return self[key]

if __name__ == "__main__":
    c = C(ks, vs)
    print c.ab

打印12

    c.ab = 33

'C'对象没有属性'ab'

似乎您可以更简单地使用namedtuple来解决这个问题,因为您提前知道整个字段列表。

from collections import namedtuple

Foo = namedtuple('Foo', ['bar', 'quux'])

foo = Foo(bar=13, quux=74)
print foo.bar, foo.quux

foo2 = Foo()  # error

如果你绝对需要编写自己的setter,你将不得不在类级别上进行元编程;Property()在实例上不起作用。

这只是另一个如何达到预期效果的例子

class Foo(object):

    _bar = None

    @property
    def bar(self):
        return self._bar

    @bar.setter
    def bar(self, value):
        self._bar = value

    def __init__(self, dyn_property_name):
        setattr(Foo, dyn_property_name, Foo.bar)

现在我们可以这样做:

>>> foo = Foo('baz')
>>> foo.baz = 5
>>> foo.bar
5
>>> foo.baz
5

你不需要使用属性。只需重写__setattr__,使其为只读。

class C(object):
    def __init__(self, keys, values):
        for (key, value) in zip(keys, values):
            self.__dict__[key] = value

    def __setattr__(self, name, value):
        raise Exception("It is read only!")

Tada。

>>> c = C('abc', [1,2,3])
>>> c.a
1
>>> c.b
2
>>> c.c
3
>>> c.d
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: 'C' object has no attribute 'd'
>>> c.d = 42
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "<stdin>", line 6, in __setattr__
Exception: It is read only!
>>> c.a = 'blah'
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "<stdin>", line 6, in __setattr__
Exception: It is read only!