目标是创建一个行为类似db结果集的模拟类。

例如,如果一个数据库查询返回,使用dict表达式,{'ab':100, 'cd':200},那么我想看到:

>>> dummy.ab
100

一开始我想也许我可以这样做:

ks = ['ab', 'cd']
vs = [12, 34]
class C(dict):
    def __init__(self, ks, vs):
        for i, k in enumerate(ks):
            self[k] = vs[i]
            setattr(self, k, property(lambda x: vs[i], self.fn_readyonly))

    def fn_readonly(self, v)
        raise "It is ready only"

if __name__ == "__main__":
    c = C(ks, vs)
    print c.ab

但是cab返回一个属性对象。

用k = property(lambda x: vs[i])替换setattr行根本没有用。

那么,在运行时创建实例属性的正确方法是什么呢?

附注:我知道在如何使用__getattribute__方法中提出了一个替代方案?


当前回答

扩展了kjfletch的想法

# This is my humble contribution, extending the idea to serialize
# data from and to tuples, comparison operations and allowing functions
# as default values.

def Struct(*args, **kwargs):
    FUNCTIONS = (types.BuiltinFunctionType, types.BuiltinMethodType, \
                 types.FunctionType, types.MethodType)
    def init(self, *iargs, **ikwargs):
        """Asume that unamed args are placed in the same order than
        astuple() yields (currently alphabetic order)
        """
        kw = list(self.__slots__)

        # set the unnamed args
        for i in range(len(iargs)):
            k = kw.pop(0)
            setattr(self, k, iargs[i])

        # set the named args
        for k, v in ikwargs.items():
            setattr(self, k, v)
            kw.remove(k)

        # set default values
        for k in kw:
            v = kwargs[k]
            if isinstance(v, FUNCTIONS):
                v = v()
            setattr(self, k, v)

    def astuple(self):
        return tuple([getattr(self, k) for k in self.__slots__])

    def __str__(self):
        data = ['{}={}'.format(k, getattr(self, k)) for k in self.__slots__]
        return '<{}: {}>'.format(self.__class__.__name__, ', '.join(data))

    def __repr__(self):
        return str(self)

    def __eq__(self, other):
        return self.astuple() == other.astuple()

    name = kwargs.pop("__name__", "MyStruct")
    slots = list(args)
    slots.extend(kwargs.keys())
    # set non-specific default values to None
    kwargs.update(dict((k, None) for k in args))

    return type(name, (object,), {
        '__init__': init,
        '__slots__': tuple(slots),
        'astuple': astuple,
        '__str__': __str__,
        '__repr__': __repr__,
        '__eq__': __eq__,
    })


Event = Struct('user', 'cmd', \
               'arg1', 'arg2',  \
               date=time.time, \
               __name__='Event')

aa = Event('pepe', 77)
print(aa)
raw = aa.astuple()

bb = Event(*raw)
print(bb)

if aa == bb:
    print('Are equals')

cc = Event(cmd='foo')
print(cc)

输出:

<Event: user=pepe, cmd=77, arg1=None, arg2=None, date=1550051398.3651814>
<Event: user=pepe, cmd=77, arg1=None, arg2=None, date=1550051398.3651814>
Are equals
<Event: user=None, cmd=foo, arg1=None, arg2=None, date=1550051403.7938335>

其他回答

最好的方法是定义__slots__。这样你的实例就不能有新的属性。

ks = ['ab', 'cd']
vs = [12, 34]

class C(dict):
    __slots__ = []
    def __init__(self, ks, vs): self.update(zip(ks, vs))
    def __getattr__(self, key): return self[key]

if __name__ == "__main__":
    c = C(ks, vs)
    print c.ab

打印12

    c.ab = 33

'C'对象没有属性'ab'

似乎您可以更简单地使用namedtuple来解决这个问题,因为您提前知道整个字段列表。

from collections import namedtuple

Foo = namedtuple('Foo', ['bar', 'quux'])

foo = Foo(bar=13, quux=74)
print foo.bar, foo.quux

foo2 = Foo()  # error

如果你绝对需要编写自己的setter,你将不得不在类级别上进行元编程;Property()在实例上不起作用。

这里有一个解决方案:

允许将属性名指定为字符串,因此它们可以来自一些外部数据源,而不是全部列在程序中。 在定义类时添加属性,而不是每次创建对象时添加属性。

定义类之后,你只需动态地向它添加一个属性:

setattr(SomeClass, 'propertyName', property(getter, setter))

下面是一个完整的例子,用Python 3测试过:

#!/usr/bin/env python3

class Foo():
  pass

def get_x(self):
  return 3

def set_x(self, value):
  print("set x on %s to %d" % (self, value))

setattr(Foo, 'x', property(get_x, set_x))

foo1 = Foo()
foo1.x = 12
print(foo1.x)

你不需要使用属性。只需重写__setattr__,使其为只读。

class C(object):
    def __init__(self, keys, values):
        for (key, value) in zip(keys, values):
            self.__dict__[key] = value

    def __setattr__(self, name, value):
        raise Exception("It is read only!")

Tada。

>>> c = C('abc', [1,2,3])
>>> c.a
1
>>> c.b
2
>>> c.c
3
>>> c.d
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: 'C' object has no attribute 'd'
>>> c.d = 42
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "<stdin>", line 6, in __setattr__
Exception: It is read only!
>>> c.a = 'blah'
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "<stdin>", line 6, in __setattr__
Exception: It is read only!

虽然给出了很多答案,但我没有找到一个让我满意的。我找到了自己的解决方案,使属性适用于动态情况。来源回答原来的问题:

#!/usr/local/bin/python3

INITS = { 'ab': 100, 'cd': 200 }

class DP(dict):
  def __init__(self):
    super().__init__()
    for k,v in INITS.items():
        self[k] = v 

def _dict_set(dp, key, value):
  dp[key] = value

for item in INITS.keys():
  setattr(
    DP,
    item,
    lambda key: property(
      lambda self: self[key], lambda self, value: _dict_set(self, key, value)
    )(item)
  )

a = DP()
print(a)  # {'ab': 100, 'cd': 200}
a.ab = 'ab100'
a.cd = False
print(a.ab, a.cd) # ab100 False