目标是创建一个行为类似db结果集的模拟类。

例如,如果一个数据库查询返回,使用dict表达式,{'ab':100, 'cd':200},那么我想看到:

>>> dummy.ab
100

一开始我想也许我可以这样做:

ks = ['ab', 'cd']
vs = [12, 34]
class C(dict):
    def __init__(self, ks, vs):
        for i, k in enumerate(ks):
            self[k] = vs[i]
            setattr(self, k, property(lambda x: vs[i], self.fn_readyonly))

    def fn_readonly(self, v)
        raise "It is ready only"

if __name__ == "__main__":
    c = C(ks, vs)
    print c.ab

但是cab返回一个属性对象。

用k = property(lambda x: vs[i])替换setattr行根本没有用。

那么,在运行时创建实例属性的正确方法是什么呢?

附注:我知道在如何使用__getattribute__方法中提出了一个替代方案?


当前回答

下面是以编程方式创建属性对象的简单示例。

#!/usr/bin/python3

class Counter:
    def __init__(self):
        cls = self.__class__
        self._count = 0
        cls.count = self.count_ref()

    def count_get(self):
        print(f'count_get: {self._count}')
        return self._count

    def count_set(self, value):
        self._count = value
        print(f'count_set: {self._count}')

    def count_del(self):
        print(f'count_del: {self._count}')

    def count_ref(self):
        cls = self.__class__
        return property(fget=cls.count_get, fset=cls.count_set, fdel=cls.count_del)

counter = Counter()

counter.count
for i in range(5):
    counter.count = i
del counter.count

'''
output
======
count_get: 0
count_set: 0
count_set: 1
count_set: 2
count_set: 3
count_set: 4
count_del: 4
'''

其他回答

这里有一个解决方案:

允许将属性名指定为字符串,因此它们可以来自一些外部数据源,而不是全部列在程序中。 在定义类时添加属性,而不是每次创建对象时添加属性。

定义类之后,你只需动态地向它添加一个属性:

setattr(SomeClass, 'propertyName', property(getter, setter))

下面是一个完整的例子,用Python 3测试过:

#!/usr/bin/env python3

class Foo():
  pass

def get_x(self):
  return 3

def set_x(self, value):
  print("set x on %s to %d" % (self, value))

setattr(Foo, 'x', property(get_x, set_x))

foo1 = Foo()
foo1.x = 12
print(foo1.x)

对于那些来自搜索引擎的人,这里是我在谈论动态属性时寻找的两件事:

class Foo:
    def __init__(self):
        # we can dynamically have access to the properties dict using __dict__
        self.__dict__['foo'] = 'bar'

assert Foo().foo == 'bar'


# or we can use __getattr__ and __setattr__ to execute code on set/get
class Bar:
    def __init__(self):
        self._data = {}
    def __getattr__(self, key):
        return self._data[key]
    def __setattr__(self, key, value):
        self._data[key] = value

bar = Bar()
bar.foo = 'bar'
assert bar.foo == 'bar'

如果你想放置动态创建的属性,__dict__是很好的。__getattr__只适合在需要该值时执行某些操作,例如查询数据库。set/get组合有助于简化对存储在类中的数据的访问(如上面的示例)。

如果您只想要一个动态属性,请查看property()内置函数。

这和OP想要的有点不同,但我绞尽脑汁,直到我得到了一个可行的解决方案,所以我把它放在这里给下一个男人/女孩

我需要一种方法来指定动态setter和getter。

class X:
    def __init__(self, a=0, b=0, c=0):
        self.a = a
        self.b = b
        self.c = c

    @classmethod
    def _make_properties(cls, field_name, inc):
        _inc = inc

        def _get_properties(self):
            if not hasattr(self, '_%s_inc' % field_name):
                setattr(self, '_%s_inc' % field_name, _inc)
                inc = _inc
            else:
                inc = getattr(self, '_%s_inc' % field_name)

            return getattr(self, field_name) + inc

        def _set_properties(self, value):
            setattr(self, '_%s_inc' % field_name, value)

        return property(_get_properties, _set_properties)

我知道我的字段提前,所以我要创建我的属性。注意:你不能在每个实例中这样做,这些属性将存在于类中!!

for inc, field in enumerate(['a', 'b', 'c']):
    setattr(X, '%s_summed' % field, X._make_properties(field, inc))

现在让我们来测试一下。

x = X()
assert x.a == 0
assert x.b == 0
assert x.c == 0

assert x.a_summed == 0  # enumerate() set inc to 0 + 0 = 0
assert x.b_summed == 1  # enumerate() set inc to 1 + 0 = 1
assert x.c_summed == 2  # enumerate() set inc to 2 + 0 = 2

# we set the variables to something
x.a = 1
x.b = 2
x.c = 3

assert x.a_summed == 1  # enumerate() set inc to 0 + 1 = 1
assert x.b_summed == 3  # enumerate() set inc to 1 + 2 = 3
assert x.c_summed == 5  # enumerate() set inc to 2 + 3 = 5

# we're changing the inc now
x.a_summed = 1 
x.b_summed = 3 
x.c_summed = 5

assert x.a_summed == 2  # we set inc to 1 + the property was 1 = 2
assert x.b_summed == 5  # we set inc to 3 + the property was 2 = 5
assert x.c_summed == 8  # we set inc to 5 + the property was 3 = 8

会让人困惑吗?是的,很抱歉我无法举出任何有意义的现实例子。另外,这也不适合轻松的人。

目标是创建一个行为类似db结果集的模拟类。

所以你想要的是一本可以把a['b']拼成a.b的字典?

这很简单:

class atdict(dict):
    __getattr__= dict.__getitem__
    __setattr__= dict.__setitem__
    __delattr__= dict.__delitem__

下面是以编程方式创建属性对象的简单示例。

#!/usr/bin/python3

class Counter:
    def __init__(self):
        cls = self.__class__
        self._count = 0
        cls.count = self.count_ref()

    def count_get(self):
        print(f'count_get: {self._count}')
        return self._count

    def count_set(self, value):
        self._count = value
        print(f'count_set: {self._count}')

    def count_del(self):
        print(f'count_del: {self._count}')

    def count_ref(self):
        cls = self.__class__
        return property(fget=cls.count_get, fset=cls.count_set, fdel=cls.count_del)

counter = Counter()

counter.count
for i in range(5):
    counter.count = i
del counter.count

'''
output
======
count_get: 0
count_set: 0
count_set: 1
count_set: 2
count_set: 3
count_set: 4
count_del: 4
'''