我已经了解到，可以在Python中向现有对象（即，不在类定义中）添加方法。
我明白这样做并不总是好的。但你怎么能做到这一点呢？
当前回答
我相信你要找的是setattr。使用此设置对象的属性。
>>> def printme(s): print repr(s)
>>> class A: pass
>>> setattr(A,'printme',printme)
>>> a = A()
>>> a.printme() # s becomes the implicit 'self' variable
< __ main __ . A instance at 0xABCDEFG>
其他回答
在Python中，猴痘通常通过用自己的签名覆盖类或函数的签名来工作。以下是Zope Wiki的示例：
from SomeOtherProduct.SomeModule import SomeClass
def speak(self):
return "ook ook eee eee eee!"
SomeClass.speak = speak
此代码将覆盖/创建类中名为speak的方法。在Jeff Atwood最近发表的关于猴子修补的文章中，他展示了一个C#3.0的例子，这是我当前工作中使用的语言。
由于这个问题是针对非Python版本提出的，这里是JavaScript：
a.methodname = function () { console.log("Yay, a new method!") }
感谢Arturo！你的回答让我步入正轨！
根据Arturo的代码，我编写了一个小类：
from types import MethodType
import re
from string import ascii_letters
class DynamicAttr:
def __init__(self):
self.dict_all_files = {}
def _copy_files(self, *args, **kwargs):
print(f'copy {args[0]["filename"]} {args[0]["copy_command"]}')
def _delete_files(self, *args, **kwargs):
print(f'delete {args[0]["filename"]} {args[0]["delete_command"]}')
def _create_properties(self):
for key, item in self.dict_all_files.items():
setattr(
self,
key,
self.dict_all_files[key],
)
setattr(
self,
key + "_delete",
MethodType(
self._delete_files,
{
"filename": key,
"delete_command": f'del {item}',
},
),
)
setattr(
self,
key + "_copy",
MethodType(
self._copy_files,
{
"filename": key,
"copy_command": f'copy {item}',
},
),
)
def add_files_to_class(self, filelist: list):
for _ in filelist:
attr_key = re.sub(rf'[^{ascii_letters}]+', '_', _).strip('_')
self.dict_all_files[attr_key] = _
self._create_properties()
dy = DynamicAttr()
dy.add_files_to_class([r"C:\Windows\notepad.exe", r"C:\Windows\regedit.exe"])
dy.add_files_to_class([r"C:\Windows\HelpPane.exe", r"C:\Windows\win.ini"])
#output
print(dy.C_Windows_HelpPane_exe)
dy.C_Windows_notepad_exe_delete()
dy.C_Windows_HelpPane_exe_copy()
C:\Windows\HelpPane.exe
delete C_Windows_notepad_exe del C:\Windows\notepad.exe
copy C_Windows_HelpPane_exe copy C:\Windows\HelpPane.exe
此类允许您随时添加新的属性和方法。
编辑：
这里有一个更普遍的解决方案：
import inspect
import re
from copy import deepcopy
from string import ascii_letters
def copy_func(f):
if callable(f):
if inspect.ismethod(f) or inspect.isfunction(f):
g = lambda *args, **kwargs: f(*args, **kwargs)
t = list(filter(lambda prop: not ("__" in prop), dir(f)))
i = 0
while i < len(t):
setattr(g, t[i], getattr(f, t[i]))
i += 1
return g
dcoi = deepcopy([f])
return dcoi[0]
class FlexiblePartial:
def __init__(self, func, this_args_first, *args, **kwargs):
try:
self.f = copy_func(func) # create a copy of the function
except Exception:
self.f = func
self.this_args_first = this_args_first # where should the other (optional) arguments be that are passed when the function is called
try:
self.modulename = args[0].__class__.__name__ # to make repr look good
except Exception:
self.modulename = "self"
try:
self.functionname = func.__name__ # to make repr look good
except Exception:
try:
self.functionname = func.__qualname__ # to make repr look good
except Exception:
self.functionname = "func"
self.args = args
self.kwargs = kwargs
self.name_to_print = self._create_name() # to make repr look good
def _create_name(self):
stra = self.modulename + "." + self.functionname + "(self, "
for _ in self.args[1:]:
stra = stra + repr(_) + ", "
for key, item in self.kwargs.items():
stra = stra + str(key) + "=" + repr(item) + ", "
stra = stra.rstrip().rstrip(",")
stra += ")"
if len(stra) > 100:
stra = stra[:95] + "...)"
return stra
def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
newdic = {}
newdic.update(self.kwargs)
newdic.update(kwargs)
if self.this_args_first:
return self.f(*self.args[1:], *args, **newdic)
else:
return self.f(*args, *self.args[1:], **newdic)
def __str__(self):
return self.name_to_print
def __repr__(self):
return self.__str__()
class AddMethodsAndProperties:
def add_methods(self, dict_to_add):
for key_, item in dict_to_add.items():
key = re.sub(rf"[^{ascii_letters}]+", "_", str(key_)).rstrip("_")
if isinstance(item, dict):
if "function" in item: # for adding methods
if not isinstance(
item["function"], str
): # for external functions that are not part of the class
setattr(
self,
key,
FlexiblePartial(
item["function"],
item["this_args_first"],
self,
*item["args"],
**item["kwargs"],
),
)
else:
setattr(
self,
key,
FlexiblePartial(
getattr(
self, item["function"]
), # for internal functions - part of the class
item["this_args_first"],
self,
*item["args"],
**item["kwargs"],
),
)
else: # for adding props
setattr(self, key, item)
让我们测试一下：
class NewClass(AddMethodsAndProperties): #inherit from AddMethodsAndProperties to add the method add_methods
def __init__(self):
self.bubu = 5
def _delete_files(self, file): #some random methods
print(f"File will be deleted: {file}")
def delete_files(self, file):
self._delete_files(file)
def _copy_files(self, file, dst):
print(f"File will be copied: {file} Dest: {dst}")
def copy_files(self, file, dst):
self._copy_files(file, dst)
def _create_files(self, file, folder):
print(f"File will be created: {file} {folder}")
def create_files(self, file, folder):
self._create_files(file, folder)
def method_with_more_kwargs(self, file, folder, one_more):
print(file, folder, one_more)
return self
nc = NewClass()
dict_all_files = {
r"C:\Windows\notepad.exe_delete": {
"function": "delete_files",
"args": (),
"kwargs": {"file": r"C:\Windows\notepad.exe"},
"this_args_first": True,
},
r"C:\Windows\notepad.exe_argsfirst": {
"function": "delete_files",
"args": (),
"kwargs": {"file": r"C:\Windows\notepad.exe"},
"this_args_first": True,
},
r"C:\Windows\notepad.exe_copy": {
"function": "copy_files",
"args": (),
"kwargs": {
"file": r"C:\Windows\notepad.exe",
"dst": r"C:\Windows\notepad555.exe",
},
"this_args_first": True,
},
r"C:\Windows\notepad.exe_create": {
"function": "create_files",
"args": (),
"kwargs": {"file": r"C:\Windows\notepad.exe", "folder": "c:\\windows95"},
"this_args_first": True,
},
r"C:\Windows\notepad.exe_upper": {
"function": str.upper,
"args": (r"C:\Windows\notepad.exe",),
"kwargs": {},
"this_args_first": True,
},
r"C:\Windows\notepad.exe_method_with_more_kwargs": {
"function": "method_with_more_kwargs",
"args": (),
"kwargs": {"file": r"C:\Windows\notepad.exe", "folder": "c:\\windows95"},
"this_args_first": True,
},
r"C:\Windows\notepad.exe_method_with_more_kwargs_as_args_first": {
"function": "method_with_more_kwargs",
"args": (r"C:\Windows\notepad.exe", "c:\\windows95"),
"kwargs": {},
"this_args_first": True,
},
r"C:\Windows\notepad.exe_method_with_more_kwargs_as_args_last": {
"function": "method_with_more_kwargs",
"args": (r"C:\Windows\notepad.exe", "c:\\windows95"),
"kwargs": {},
"this_args_first": False,
},
"this_is_a_list": [55, 3, 3, 1, 4, 43],
}
nc.add_methods(dict_all_files)
print(nc.C_Windows_notepad_exe_delete)
print(nc.C_Windows_notepad_exe_delete(), end="\n\n")
print(nc.C_Windows_notepad_exe_argsfirst)
print(nc.C_Windows_notepad_exe_argsfirst(), end="\n\n")
print(nc.C_Windows_notepad_exe_copy)
print(nc.C_Windows_notepad_exe_copy(), end="\n\n")
print(nc.C_Windows_notepad_exe_create)
print(nc.C_Windows_notepad_exe_create(), end="\n\n")
print(nc.C_Windows_notepad_exe_upper)
print(nc.C_Windows_notepad_exe_upper(), end="\n\n")
print(nc.C_Windows_notepad_exe_method_with_more_kwargs)
print(
nc.C_Windows_notepad_exe_method_with_more_kwargs(
one_more="f:\\blaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
)
.C_Windows_notepad_exe_method_with_more_kwargs(
one_more="f:\\ASJVASDFASÇDFJASÇDJFÇASWFJASÇ"
)
.C_Windows_notepad_exe_method_with_more_kwargs(
one_more="f:\\XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX"
),
end="\n\n",
)
print(nc.C_Windows_notepad_exe_method_with_more_kwargs_as_args_first)
print(
nc.C_Windows_notepad_exe_method_with_more_kwargs_as_args_first(
"f:\\blaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
),
end="\n\n",
)
print(
nc.C_Windows_notepad_exe_method_with_more_kwargs_as_args_first(
"f:\\blaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
)
.C_Windows_notepad_exe_method_with_more_kwargs_as_args_first(
"f:\\ASJVASDFASÇDFJASÇDJFÇASWFJASÇ"
)
.C_Windows_notepad_exe_method_with_more_kwargs_as_args_first(
"f:\\XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX"
),
end="\n\n",
)
print(nc.C_Windows_notepad_exe_method_with_more_kwargs_as_args_last)
print(
nc.C_Windows_notepad_exe_method_with_more_kwargs_as_args_last(
"f:\\blaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
)
.C_Windows_notepad_exe_method_with_more_kwargs_as_args_last(
"f:\\ASJVASDFASÇDFJASÇDJFÇASWFJASÇ"
)
.C_Windows_notepad_exe_method_with_more_kwargs_as_args_last(
"f:\\XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX"
),
end="\n\n",
)
print(
nc.C_Windows_notepad_exe_method_with_more_kwargs_as_args_last(
"f:\\blaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
)
.C_Windows_notepad_exe_method_with_more_kwargs_as_args_last(
"f:\\ASJVASDFASÇDFJASÇDJFÇASWFJASÇ"
)
.C_Windows_notepad_exe_method_with_more_kwargs_as_args_last(
"f:\\XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX"
),
end="\n\n",
)
print(nc.this_is_a_list)
checkit = (
nc.C_Windows_notepad_exe_method_with_more_kwargs_as_args_last(
"f:\\blaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"
)
.C_Windows_notepad_exe_method_with_more_kwargs_as_args_last(
"f:\\ASJVASDFASÇDFJASÇDJFÇASWFJASÇ"
)
.C_Windows_notepad_exe_method_with_more_kwargs_as_args_last(
"f:\\XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX"
)
)
print(f'nc is checkit? -> {nc is checkit}')
#output:
NewClass.delete_files(self, file='C:\\Windows\\notepad.exe')
File will be deleted: C:\Windows\notepad.exe
None
NewClass.delete_files(self, file='C:\\Windows\\notepad.exe')
File will be deleted: C:\Windows\notepad.exe
None
NewClass.copy_files(self, file='C:\\Windows\\notepad.exe', dst='C:\\Windows\\notepad555.exe')
File will be copied: C:\Windows\notepad.exe Dest: C:\Windows\notepad555.exe
None
NewClass.create_files(self, file='C:\\Windows\\notepad.exe', folder='c:\\windows95')
File will be created: C:\Windows\notepad.exe c:\windows95
None
NewClass.upper(self, 'C:\\Windows\\notepad.exe')
C:\WINDOWS\NOTEPAD.EXE
NewClass.method_with_more_kwargs(self, file='C:\\Windows\\notepad.exe', folder='c:\\windows95')
C:\Windows\notepad.exe c:\windows95 f:\blaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
C:\Windows\notepad.exe c:\windows95 f:\ASJVASDFASÇDFJASÇDJFÇASWFJASÇ
C:\Windows\notepad.exe c:\windows95 f:\XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
<__main__.NewClass object at 0x0000000005F199A0>
NewClass.method_with_more_kwargs(self, 'C:\\Windows\\notepad.exe', 'c:\\windows95')
C:\Windows\notepad.exe c:\windows95 f:\blaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
<__main__.NewClass object at 0x0000000005F199A0>
C:\Windows\notepad.exe c:\windows95 f:\blaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa
C:\Windows\notepad.exe c:\windows95 f:\ASJVASDFASÇDFJASÇDJFÇASWFJASÇ
C:\Windows\notepad.exe c:\windows95 f:\XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
<__main__.NewClass object at 0x0000000005F199A0>
NewClass.method_with_more_kwargs(self, 'C:\\Windows\\notepad.exe', 'c:\\windows95')
f:\blaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa C:\Windows\notepad.exe c:\windows95
f:\ASJVASDFASÇDFJASÇDJFÇASWFJASÇ C:\Windows\notepad.exe c:\windows95
f:\XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX C:\Windows\notepad.exe c:\windows95
<__main__.NewClass object at 0x0000000005F199A0>
f:\blaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa C:\Windows\notepad.exe c:\windows95
f:\ASJVASDFASÇDFJASÇDJFÇASWFJASÇ C:\Windows\notepad.exe c:\windows95
f:\XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX C:\Windows\notepad.exe c:\windows95
<__main__.NewClass object at 0x0000000005F199A0>
[55, 3, 3, 1, 4, 43]
f:\blaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa C:\Windows\notepad.exe c:\windows95
f:\ASJVASDFASÇDFJASÇDJFÇASWFJASÇ C:\Windows\notepad.exe c:\windows95
f:\XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX C:\Windows\notepad.exe c:\windows95
nc is checkit? -> True
在Python中，函数和绑定方法之间存在差异。
>>> def foo():
... print "foo"
...
>>> class A:
... def bar( self ):
... print "bar"
...
>>> a = A()
>>> foo
<function foo at 0x00A98D70>
>>> a.bar
<bound method A.bar of <__main__.A instance at 0x00A9BC88>>
>>>
绑定方法已“绑定”到一个实例（如何描述），每当调用该方法时，该实例将作为第一个参数传递。
但是，作为类（与实例相反）属性的可调用项仍然是未绑定的，因此您可以随时修改类定义：
>>> def fooFighters( self ):
... print "fooFighters"
...
>>> A.fooFighters = fooFighters
>>> a2 = A()
>>> a2.fooFighters
<bound method A.fooFighters of <__main__.A instance at 0x00A9BEB8>>
>>> a2.fooFighters()
fooFighters
以前定义的实例也会更新（只要它们没有覆盖属性本身）：
>>> a.fooFighters()
fooFighters
当您想将方法附加到单个实例时，问题就出现了：
>>> def barFighters( self ):
... print "barFighters"
...
>>> a.barFighters = barFighters
>>> a.barFighters()
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: barFighters() takes exactly 1 argument (0 given)
函数直接附加到实例时不会自动绑定：
>>> a.barFighters
<function barFighters at 0x00A98EF0>
要绑定它，我们可以在类型模块中使用MethodType函数：
>>> import types
>>> a.barFighters = types.MethodType( barFighters, a )
>>> a.barFighters
<bound method ?.barFighters of <__main__.A instance at 0x00A9BC88>>
>>> a.barFighters()
barFighters
这次该类的其他实例没有受到影响：
>>> a2.barFighters()
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
AttributeError: A instance has no attribute 'barFighters'
通过阅读描述符和元类编程可以找到更多信息。
这个问题早在几年前就提出了，但嘿，有一种简单的方法可以使用decorator模拟函数与类实例的绑定：
def binder (function, instance):
copy_of_function = type (function) (function.func_code, {})
copy_of_function.__bind_to__ = instance
def bound_function (*args, **kwargs):
return copy_of_function (copy_of_function.__bind_to__, *args, **kwargs)
return bound_function
class SupaClass (object):
def __init__ (self):
self.supaAttribute = 42
def new_method (self):
print self.supaAttribute
supaInstance = SupaClass ()
supaInstance.supMethod = binder (new_method, supaInstance)
otherInstance = SupaClass ()
otherInstance.supaAttribute = 72
otherInstance.supMethod = binder (new_method, otherInstance)
otherInstance.supMethod ()
supaInstance.supMethod ()
在那里，当您将函数和实例传递给绑定器装饰器时，它将创建一个新函数，其代码对象与第一个相同。然后，类的给定实例存储在新创建的函数的属性中。装饰器返回一个（第三个）函数，自动调用复制的函数，将实例作为第一个参数。最后，您将得到一个函数，模拟它与类实例的绑定。保持原始函数不变。
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