虽然这个问题是关于整数的，但值得注意的是，如果需要常量结构或字符串，#define和enum是无用的。它们通常都作为指针传递给函数。(对于字符串，它是必需的;有了结构，效率就高多了。)

As for integers, if you're in an embedded environment with very limited memory, you might need to worry about where the constant is stored and how accesses to it are compiled. The compiler might add two consts at run time, but add two #defines at compile time. A #define constant may be converted into one or more MOV [immediate] instructions, which means the constant is effectively stored in program memory. A const constant will be stored in the .const section in data memory. In systems with a Harvard architecture, there could be differences in performance and memory usage, although they'd likely be small. They might matter for hard-core optimization of inner loops.

我写了一个快速测试程序来证明其中的一个区别:

#include <stdio.h>

enum {ENUM_DEFINED=16};
enum {ENUM_DEFINED=32};

#define DEFINED_DEFINED 16
#define DEFINED_DEFINED 32

int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {

   printf("%d, %d\n", DEFINED_DEFINED, ENUM_DEFINED);

   return(0);
}

这个编译带有以下错误和警告:

main.c:6:7: error: redefinition of enumerator 'ENUM_DEFINED'
enum {ENUM_DEFINED=32};
      ^
main.c:5:7: note: previous definition is here
enum {ENUM_DEFINED=16};
      ^
main.c:9:9: warning: 'DEFINED_DEFINED' macro redefined [-Wmacro-redefined]
#define DEFINED_DEFINED 32
        ^
main.c:8:9: note: previous definition is here
#define DEFINED_DEFINED 16
        ^

注意，当define给出警告时，enum给出一个错误。

顺便说一句，#define的另一个选择是“enum”，它提供了适当的作用域，但表现得像一个“真正的”常量。例如:

enum {number_ten = 10;}

在许多情况下，定义枚举类型并创建这些类型的变量是有用的;如果这样做了，调试器可能能够根据变量的枚举名称显示变量。

然而，这样做有一个重要的警告:在c++中，枚举类型与整数的兼容性有限。例如，默认情况下，不能对它们进行算术运算。我发现这是枚举的一个奇怪的默认行为;虽然有一个“严格的enum”类型会很好，但考虑到c++通常与C兼容，我认为“enum”类型的默认行为应该与整数互换。

一般来说:

static const

因为它尊重作用域并且是类型安全的。

我能看到的唯一警告是:如果您希望变量可能在命令行上定义。还有另一种选择:

#ifdef VAR // Very bad name, not long enough, too general, etc..
  static int const var = VAR;
#else
  static int const var = 5; // default value
#endif

尽可能使用类型安全的替代方法，而不是宏/省略号。

如果你真的需要使用宏(例如，你想要__FILE__或__LINE__)，那么你最好非常小心地命名你的宏:在它的命名约定中，Boost推荐所有大写字母，以项目的名称(这里是BOOST_)开头，而仔细阅读库，你会注意到这(通常)后面是特定区域(库)的名称，然后是一个有意义的名称。

它通常会产生很长的名字:)

C中const的另一个缺点是不能在初始化另一个const时使用该值。

static int const NUMBER_OF_FINGERS_PER_HAND = 5;
static int const NUMBER_OF_HANDS = 2;

// initializer element is not constant, this does not work.
static int const NUMBER_OF_FINGERS = NUMBER_OF_FINGERS_PER_HAND 
                                     * NUMBER_OF_HANDS;

即使这对const也不起作用，因为编译器不会将其视为常量:

static uint8_t const ARRAY_SIZE = 16;
static int8_t const lookup_table[ARRAY_SIZE] = {
    1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16}; // ARRAY_SIZE not a constant!

我很乐意在这些情况下使用类型化的const，否则…

虽然这个问题是关于整数的，但值得注意的是，如果需要常量结构或字符串，#define和enum是无用的。它们通常都作为指针传递给函数。(对于字符串，它是必需的;有了结构，效率就高多了。)

As for integers, if you're in an embedded environment with very limited memory, you might need to worry about where the constant is stored and how accesses to it are compiled. The compiler might add two consts at run time, but add two #defines at compile time. A #define constant may be converted into one or more MOV [immediate] instructions, which means the constant is effectively stored in program memory. A const constant will be stored in the .const section in data memory. In systems with a Harvard architecture, there could be differences in performance and memory usage, although they'd likely be small. They might matter for hard-core optimization of inner loops.