虽然这个问题是关于整数的，但值得注意的是，如果需要常量结构或字符串，#define和enum是无用的。它们通常都作为指针传递给函数。(对于字符串，它是必需的;有了结构，效率就高多了。)

As for integers, if you're in an embedded environment with very limited memory, you might need to worry about where the constant is stored and how accesses to it are compiled. The compiler might add two consts at run time, but add two #defines at compile time. A #define constant may be converted into one or more MOV [immediate] instructions, which means the constant is effectively stored in program memory. A const constant will be stored in the .const section in data memory. In systems with a Harvard architecture, there could be differences in performance and memory usage, although they'd likely be small. They might matter for hard-core optimization of inner loops.

一个简单的区别:

在预处理时，常量被替换为它的值。 因此，不能将解引用操作符应用于定义，但可以将解引用操作符应用于变量。

如您所料，define比static const更快。

例如，有:

#define mymax 100

你不能做printf("address of constant is %p"，&mymax);

但是有

const int mymax_var=100

你可以做printf("address of constant is %p"，&mymax_var);

更清楚地说，define在预处理阶段被它的值替换，因此程序中没有存储任何变量。我们只有使用define的程序文本段的代码。

然而，对于static const，我们有一个被分配到某处的变量。对于gcc，静态const分配在程序的文本段中。

上面，我想讲的是引用操作符，所以用引用替换解引用。

这取决于你需要这个值做什么。你(和目前所有人一样)忽略了第三种选择:

Static const int var = 5; #定义var 5 枚举{var = 5};

忽略名字的选择问题，那么:

If you need to pass a pointer around, you must use (1). Since (2) is apparently an option, you don't need to pass pointers around. Both (1) and (3) have a symbol in the debugger's symbol table - that makes debugging easier. It is more likely that (2) will not have a symbol, leaving you wondering what it is. (1) cannot be used as a dimension for arrays at global scope; both (2) and (3) can. (1) cannot be used as a dimension for static arrays at function scope; both (2) and (3) can. Under C99, all of these can be used for local arrays. Technically, using (1) would imply the use of a VLA (variable-length array), though the dimension referenced by 'var' would of course be fixed at size 5. (1) cannot be used in places like switch statements; both (2) and (3) can. (1) cannot be used to initialize static variables; both (2) and (3) can. (2) can change code that you didn't want changed because it is used by the preprocessor; both (1) and (3) will not have unexpected side-effects like that. You can detect whether (2) has been set in the preprocessor; neither (1) nor (3) allows that.

因此，在大多数情况下，优先选择“enum”而不是其他选项。否则，第一个和最后一个要点很可能是控制因素——如果你需要同时满足这两个点，你必须更努力地思考。

如果你问的是c++，那么你每次都应该使用option (1) - static const。

我写了一个快速测试程序来证明其中的一个区别:

#include <stdio.h>

enum {ENUM_DEFINED=16};
enum {ENUM_DEFINED=32};

#define DEFINED_DEFINED 16
#define DEFINED_DEFINED 32

int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {

   printf("%d, %d\n", DEFINED_DEFINED, ENUM_DEFINED);

   return(0);
}

这个编译带有以下错误和警告:

main.c:6:7: error: redefinition of enumerator 'ENUM_DEFINED'
enum {ENUM_DEFINED=32};
      ^
main.c:5:7: note: previous definition is here
enum {ENUM_DEFINED=16};
      ^
main.c:9:9: warning: 'DEFINED_DEFINED' macro redefined [-Wmacro-redefined]
#define DEFINED_DEFINED 32
        ^
main.c:8:9: note: previous definition is here
#define DEFINED_DEFINED 16
        ^

注意，当define给出警告时，enum给出一个错误。

如果你有mystruct.var这样的东西，#define var 5会给你带来麻烦。

例如,

struct mystruct {
    int var;
};

#define var 5

int main() {
    struct mystruct foo;
    foo.var = 1;
    return 0;
}

预处理器将取代它，代码将无法编译。因此，传统的编码风格建议所有常量#定义都使用大写字母以避免冲突。

的定义

const int const_value = 5;

并不总是定义一个常数值。一些编译器(例如tcc 0.9.26)只分配名称为“const_value”的内存。使用标识符“const_value”你不能修改这个内存。但是你仍然可以使用另一个标识符来修改内存:

const int const_value = 5;
int *mutable_value = (int*) &const_value;
*mutable_value = 3;
printf("%i", const_value); // The output may be 5 or 3, depending on the compiler.

这意味着定义

#define CONST_VALUE 5

是定义一个不能用任何方法修改的常数值的唯一方法。