没有充分的理由不使用它们……除非孤行对你来说不是什么大问题。

验证外键约束需要一些CPU时间，因此有些人省略外键以获得额外的性能。

我一直认为不用它们是懒惰的表现。我被教导应该一直这样做。但后来，我没有听乔尔的讨论。他也许有充分的理由，我不知道。

“在添加记录之前，检查对应的记录是否存在于另一个表中”是业务逻辑。

这里有一些你不希望在数据库中使用它的原因:

If the business rules change, you have to change the database. The database will need to recreate the index in a lot of cases and this is slow on large tables. (Changing rules include: allow guests to post messages or allow users to delete their account despite having posted comments, etc). Changing the database is not as easy as deploying a software fix by pushing the changes to the production repository. We want to avoid changing the database structure as much as possible. The more business logic there is in the database the more you increase the chances of needing to change the databae (and triggering re-indexing). TDD. In unit tests you can substitute the database for mocks and test the functionality. If you have any business logic in your database, you are not doing complete tests and would need to either test with the database or replicate the business logic in code for testing purposes, duplicating the logic and increasing the likelyhood of the logic not working in the same way. Reusing your logic with different data sources. If there is no logic in the database, my application can create objects from records from the database, create them from a web service, a json file or any other source. I just need to swap out the data mapper implementation and can use all my business logic with any source. If there is logic in the database, this isn't possible and you have to implement the logic at the data mapper layer or in the business logic. Either way, you need those checks in your code. If there's no logic in the database I can deploy the application in different locations using different database or flat-file implementations.

我还认为外键在大多数数据库中是必要的。唯一的缺点(除了强制一致性带来的性能损失之外)是使用外键允许人们编写假定存在功能外键的代码。这绝不应该被允许。

例如，我看到有人编写了一些代码，将插入插入引用表中，然后尝试将插入插入引用表中，而不验证第一次插入是否成功。如果稍后删除外键，则会导致数据库不一致。

您也不能在更新或删除时假设特定的行为。无论是否存在外键，您仍然需要编写代码来执行您想要的操作。如果您假设删除是级联的，但实际上它们不是级联的，那么您的删除将失败。如果您假定对引用列的更新被传播到引用行，但实际上没有，那么您的更新将失败。出于编写代码的目的，最好不要使用这些特性。

如果打开了这些特性，那么您的代码无论如何都会模仿它们，并且会损失一些性能。

所以，总结....如果需要一致的数据库，外键是必不可少的。在您编写的代码中，永远不应假定外键存在或起作用。

对我来说，如果您想要遵循ACID标准，那么拥有外键以确保引用完整性是至关重要的。