O(log N)的解决方案在Swift…

// Time complexity is O(log N)
func power(_ base: Int, _ exp: Int) -> Int { 

    // 1. If the exponent is 1 then return the number (e.g a^1 == a)
    //Time complexity O(1)
    if exp == 1 { 
        return base
    }

    // 2. Calculate the value of the number raised to half of the exponent. This will be used to calculate the final answer by squaring the result (e.g a^2n == (a^n)^2 == a^n * a^n). The idea is that we can do half the amount of work by obtaining a^n and multiplying the result by itself to get a^2n
    //Time complexity O(log N)
    let tempVal = power(base, exp/2) 

    // 3. If the exponent was odd then decompose the result in such a way that it allows you to divide the exponent in two (e.g. a^(2n+1) == a^1 * a^2n == a^1 * a^n * a^n). If the eponent is even then the result must be the base raised to half the exponent squared (e.g. a^2n == a^n * a^n = (a^n)^2).
    //Time complexity O(1)
    return (exp % 2 == 1 ? base : 1) * tempVal * tempVal 

}

一种非常特殊的情况是，当你需要2^(-x ^ y)时，其中x当然是负的y太大了，不能对int型进行移位。你仍然可以用浮点数在常数时间内完成2^x。

struct IeeeFloat
{

    unsigned int base : 23;
    unsigned int exponent : 8;
    unsigned int signBit : 1;
};


union IeeeFloatUnion
{
    IeeeFloat brokenOut;
    float f;
};

inline float twoToThe(char exponent)
{
    // notice how the range checking is already done on the exponent var 
    static IeeeFloatUnion u;
    u.f = 2.0;
    // Change the exponent part of the float
    u.brokenOut.exponent += (exponent - 1);
    return (u.f);
}

使用double作为基底类型，可以得到更多的2的幂。 (非常感谢评论者帮助整理这篇文章)。

还有一种可能性是，学习更多关于IEEE浮点数的知识，其他幂运算的特殊情况可能会出现。

我用递归，如果exp是偶数，5^10 =25^5。

int pow(float base,float exp){
   if (exp==0)return 1;
   else if(exp>0&&exp%2==0){
      return pow(base*base,exp/2);
   }else if (exp>0&&exp%2!=0){
      return base*pow(base,exp-1);
   }
}

平方求幂。

int ipow(int base, int exp)
{
    int result = 1;
    for (;;)
    {
        if (exp & 1)
            result *= base;
        exp >>= 1;
        if (!exp)
            break;
        base *= base;
    }

    return result;
}

这是在非对称密码学中对大数进行模求幂的标准方法。

int pow( int base, int exponent)

{   // Does not work for negative exponents. (But that would be leaving the range of int) 
    if (exponent == 0) return 1;  // base case;
    int temp = pow(base, exponent/2);
    if (exponent % 2 == 0)
        return temp * temp; 
    else
        return (base * temp * temp);
}

我注意到gnu-GMP的标准指数平方算法有些奇怪:

我实现了两个几乎相同的函数——一个是幂模函数，使用最普通的二进制指数平方算法，

标签______2 ()

然后另一个基本相同的概念，但重新映射为每轮除以10，而不是除以2，

标签______10 ()

.

 ( time ( jot - 1456 9999999999 6671 | pvE0 | 

gawk -Mbe '
function ______10(_, __, ___, ____, _____, _______) {
      __ = +__
    ____ = (____+=_____=____^= \
           (_ %=___=+___)<_)+____++^____—

    while (__) {
        if (_______= __%____) {
            if (__==_______) {
                return (_^__ *_____) %___
            }
            __-=_______
            _____ = (_^_______*_____) %___
        }
        __/=____
        _ = _^____%___
    }
}
function ______2(_, __, ___, ____, _____) {
    __=+__
    ____+=____=_____^=(_%=___=+___)<_
    while (__) {
        if (__ %____) {
            if (__<____) {
                return (_*_____) %___
            }
            _____ = (_____*_) %___
            --__
        }
        __/=____
        _= (_*_) %___
    }
} 
BEGIN {
    OFMT = CONVFMT = "%.250g"

    __ = (___=_^= FS=OFS= "=")(_<_)

    _____ = __^(_=3)^--_ * ++_-(_+_)^_
    ______ = _^(_+_)-_ + _^!_

    _______ = int(______*_____)
    ________ = 10 ^ 5 + 1
    _________ = 8 ^ 4 * 2 - 1
}

GNU Awk 5.1.1, API: 3.1 (GNU MPFR 4.1.0, GNU MP 6.2.1)

.

($ + + NF = ______10(_ = ___美元,NR %________ +_________,_______*(_- 11))) ^ !___“

     out9: 48.4MiB 0:00:08 [6.02MiB/s] [6.02MiB/s] [ <=> ]
      in0: 15.6MiB 0:00:08 [1.95MiB/s] [1.95MiB/s] [ <=> ]
( jot - 1456 9999999999 6671 | pvE 0.1 in0 | gawk -Mbe ; )  

8.31s user 0.06s system 103% cpu 8.058 total
ffa16aa937b7beca66a173ccbf8e1e12  stdin

($ + + NF = ______ 2(_ = ___美元,NR %________ +_________,_______*(_- 11))) ^ !___“

     out9: 48.4MiB 0:00:12 [3.78MiB/s] [3.78MiB/s] [<=> ]
      in0: 15.6MiB 0:00:12 [1.22MiB/s] [1.22MiB/s] [ <=> ]
( jot - 1456 9999999999 6671 | pvE 0.1 in0 | gawk -Mbe ; )  

13.05s user 0.07s system 102% cpu 12.821 total
ffa16aa937b7beca66a173ccbf8e1e12  stdin

由于一些非常违反直觉和我不知道的原因，对于我投入的各种各样的输入，div-10变体几乎总是更快。这是两个哈希值之间的匹配，这让它真正令人困惑，尽管计算机显然没有内置在10进制的范例中。

我是否在代码/方法中遗漏了一些关键或明显的东西，可能会以令人困惑的方式歪曲结果?谢谢。