如果您认为map()是一个迭代(一级for循环)，那么flatmap()是一个两级迭代(类似于嵌套的for循环)。(输入每个迭代元素foo，然后执行foo. getbarlist()并再次迭代该barList)

Map():获取一个流，对每个元素做一些事情，收集每个进程的单个结果，输出另一个流。“做一些函数”的定义是隐含的。如果任何元素的处理结果为null，则使用null来组成最终流。因此，结果流中的元素数量将等于输入流的数量。

Flatmap():获取元素/流流和函数(显式定义)的流，将函数应用到每个流的每个元素，并将所有中间结果流收集为更大的流(“扁平化”)。如果任何元素的处理结果为null，则为“扁平化”的最后一步提供空流。如果输入是几个流，则结果流中的元素数量是所有输入中所有参与元素的总和。

map() takes a Stream and transform it to another Stream. It applies a function on each element of Stream and store return value into new Stream. It does not flatten the stream. But flatMap() is the combination of a map and a flat operation i.e, it applies a function to elements as well as flatten them. 2) map() is used for transformation only, but flatMap() is used for both transformation and flattening. please read more here. https://javaint4bytes.blogspot.com/2022/11/stream-flatmap-in-java-with-examples.html

Oracle关于Optional的文章强调了map和flatmap的区别:

String version = computer.map(Computer::getSoundcard)
                  .map(Soundcard::getUSB)
                  .map(USB::getVersion)
                  .orElse("UNKNOWN");

Unfortunately, this code doesn't compile. Why? The variable computer is of type Optional<Computer>, so it is perfectly correct to call the map method. However, getSoundcard() returns an object of type Optional. This means the result of the map operation is an object of type Optional<Optional<Soundcard>>. As a result, the call to getUSB() is invalid because the outermost Optional contains as its value another Optional, which of course doesn't support the getUSB() method. With streams, the flatMap method takes a function as an argument, which returns another stream. This function is applied to each element of a stream, which would result in a stream of streams. However, flatMap has the effect of replacing each generated stream by the contents of that stream. In other words, all the separate streams that are generated by the function get amalgamated or "flattened" into one single stream. What we want here is something similar, but we want to "flatten" a two-level Optional into one. Optional also supports a flatMap method. Its purpose is to apply the transformation function on the value of an Optional (just like the map operation does) and then flatten the resulting two-level Optional into a single one. So, to make our code correct, we need to rewrite it as follows using flatMap:

String version = computer.flatMap(Computer::getSoundcard)
                   .flatMap(Soundcard::getUSB)
                   .map(USB::getVersion)
                   .orElse("UNKNOWN");

第一个flatMap确保返回Optional<Soundcard> 而不是一个Optional<Optional<Soundcard>>，和第二个flatMap 实现相同的目的，返回Optional<USB>。注意 第三个调用只需要一个map()，因为getVersion()返回一个 字符串而不是可选对象。

http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/articles/java/java8-optional-2175753.html

flatMap()还利用了流的部分延迟求值。它将读取第一个流，只有在需要时才会进入下一个流。这里详细解释了这种行为:flatMap保证是懒惰的吗?

map和flatMap都可以应用于一个<T>的流，它们都返回一个<R>的流。不同之处在于map操作为每个输入值生成一个输出值，而flatMap操作为每个输入值生成任意数量(零个或多个)值。

这反映在每个操作的参数中。

map操作接受一个函数，该函数针对输入流中的每个值被调用，并产生一个结果值，该结果值被发送到输出流。

The flatMap operation takes a function that conceptually wants to consume one value and produce an arbitrary number of values. However, in Java, it's cumbersome for a method to return an arbitrary number of values, since methods can return only zero or one value. One could imagine an API where the mapper function for flatMap takes a value and returns an array or a List of values, which are then sent to the output. Given that this is the streams library, a particularly apt way to represent an arbitrary number of return values is for the mapper function itself to return a stream! The values from the stream returned by the mapper are drained from the stream and are passed to the output stream. The "clumps" of values returned by each call to the mapper function are not distinguished at all in the output stream, thus the output is said to have been "flattened."

典型的用法是flatMap的mapper函数返回Stream.empty()，如果它想发送零值，或者类似于Stream。(a, b, c)如果它想返回几个值。当然，任何流都可以返回。

如果您认为map()是一个迭代(一级for循环)，那么flatmap()是一个两级迭代(类似于嵌套的for循环)。(输入每个迭代元素foo，然后执行foo. getbarlist()并再次迭代该barList)

Map():获取一个流，对每个元素做一些事情，收集每个进程的单个结果，输出另一个流。“做一些函数”的定义是隐含的。如果任何元素的处理结果为null，则使用null来组成最终流。因此，结果流中的元素数量将等于输入流的数量。

Flatmap():获取元素/流流和函数(显式定义)的流，将函数应用到每个流的每个元素，并将所有中间结果流收集为更大的流(“扁平化”)。如果任何元素的处理结果为null，则为“扁平化”的最后一步提供空流。如果输入是几个流，则结果流中的元素数量是所有输入中所有参与元素的总和。