方法3看起来很整洁，但如果您希望程序同时在Python2和Python3中运行，它就不起作用了。即使使用Python版本的测试来保护单独的变体也失败了，因为Python 3版本在Python 2中给出了语法错误。

感谢Mike Watkins：http://mikewatkins.ca/2008/11/29/python-2-and-3-metaclasses/.如果您希望程序同时在Python 2和Python 3中运行，则需要执行以下操作：

class Singleton(type):
    _instances = {}
    def __call__(cls, *args, **kwargs):
        if cls not in cls._instances:
            cls._instances[cls] = super(Singleton, cls).__call__(*args, **kwargs)
        return cls._instances[cls]

MC = Singleton('MC', (object), {})

class MyClass(MC):
    pass    # Code for the class implementation

我假设赋值中的“object”需要替换为“BaseClass”，但我还没有尝试过（我已经尝试了如图所示的代码）。

这是我自己的单线图实现。你所要做的就是装饰课堂；要获得单例，您必须使用Instance方法。下面是一个示例：

@Singleton
class Foo:
    def __init__(self):
        print 'Foo created'

f = Foo() # Error, this isn't how you get the instance of a singleton

f = Foo.Instance() # Good. Being explicit is in line with the Python Zen
g = Foo.Instance() # Returns already created instance

print f is g # True

下面是代码：

class Singleton:
    """
    A non-thread-safe helper class to ease implementing singletons.
    This should be used as a decorator -- not a metaclass -- to the
    class that should be a singleton.

    The decorated class can define one `__init__` function that
    takes only the `self` argument. Other than that, there are
    no restrictions that apply to the decorated class.
 
    To get the singleton instance, use the `Instance` method. Trying
    to use `__call__` will result in a `TypeError` being raised.

    Limitations: The decorated class cannot be inherited from.

    """

    def __init__(self, decorated):
        self._decorated = decorated

    def Instance(self):
        """
        Returns the singleton instance. Upon its first call, it creates a
        new instance of the decorated class and calls its `__init__` method.
        On all subsequent calls, the already created instance is returned.

        """
        try:
            return self._instance
        except AttributeError:
            self._instance = self._decorated()
            return self._instance

    def __call__(self):
        raise TypeError('Singletons must be accessed through `Instance()`.')

    def __instancecheck__(self, inst):
        return isinstance(inst, self._decorated)

如果想要拥有同一类的多个实例，但只有当args或kwargs不同时，才可以使用第三方python包Handy Decorator（包装饰器）。前任。如果您有一个处理串行通信的类，并且要创建一个实例，您希望将串行端口作为参数发送，那么使用传统的方法是行不通的如果参数不同，可以使用上面提到的修饰符创建类的多个实例。对于相同的参数，decorator将返回已创建的相同实例。

>>> from decorators import singleton
>>>
>>> @singleton
... class A:
...     def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
...         pass
...
>>>
>>> a = A(name='Siddhesh')
>>> b = A(name='Siddhesh', lname='Sathe')
>>> c = A(name='Siddhesh', lname='Sathe')
>>> a is b  # has to be different
False
>>> b is c  # has to be same
True
>>>

也许我误解了单例模式，但我的解决方案是简单实用的（Python？）。这段代码实现了两个目标

使Foo的实例可以在任何地方访问（全局）。Foo只能存在一个实例。

这就是代码。

#!/usr/bin/env python3

class Foo:
    me = None

    def __init__(self):
        if Foo.me != None:
            raise Exception('Instance of Foo still exists!')

        Foo.me = self


if __name__ == '__main__':
    Foo()
    Foo()

输出

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "./x.py", line 15, in <module>
    Foo()
  File "./x.py", line 8, in __init__
    raise Exception('Instance of Foo still exists!')
Exception: Instance of Foo still exists!

我想强调的几个注意事项是，

元类方法：

不能从2个元类继承。检查如果您使用的工厂模式都是单例类，那么它就不会工作。您的父级已经从ABC继承（它是元类），那么您不能从单例元类继承

装饰方法：

我使用一个函数作为工厂接口，它从base创建T的实例__子类__（）。这将跳过子类初始化的单例修饰符

方法：一次性使用后重写__new__

class Singleton():
    def __init__(self):
        Singleton.instance = self
        Singleton.__new__ = lambda _: Singleton.instance

Pros

极其简洁真正的类，不需要模块正确使用lambda和蟒猴补丁

Cons

__new__可能再次被覆盖