.NET中的结构和类有什么区别?


当前回答

在.NET中,结构和类声明区分引用类型和值类型。

传递引用类型时,实际存储的只有一个。访问实例的所有代码都在访问同一个实例。

传递值类型时,每个值类型都是副本。所有代码都在自己的副本上运行。

这可以用一个例子来说明:

struct MyStruct 
{
    string MyProperty { get; set; }
}

void ChangeMyStruct(MyStruct input) 
{ 
   input.MyProperty = "new value";
}

...

// Create value type
MyStruct testStruct = new MyStruct { MyProperty = "initial value" }; 

ChangeMyStruct(testStruct);

// Value of testStruct.MyProperty is still "initial value"
// - the method changed a new copy of the structure.

对于一个班级来说,这将是不同的

class MyClass 
{
    string MyProperty { get; set; }
}

void ChangeMyClass(MyClass input) 
{ 
   input.MyProperty = "new value";
}

...

// Create reference type
MyClass testClass = new MyClass { MyProperty = "initial value" };

ChangeMyClass(testClass);

// Value of testClass.MyProperty is now "new value" 
// - the method changed the instance passed.

类可以是空的-引用可以指向空。

结构是实际值-它们可以为空,但决不能为空。因此,结构总是有一个没有参数的默认构造函数——它们需要一个“起始值”。

其他回答

我♥ 可视化,在这里我创建了一个来展示结构和类之间的基本区别。


以及文本表示,以防万一;)

+--------------------------------------------------+------+----------------------------------------------+
|                      Struct                      |      |                      Class                    |
+--------------------------------------------------+------+----------------------------------------------+
| - 1 per Thread.                                  |      | - 1 per application.                         |
|                                                  |      |                                              |
| - Holds value types.                             |      | - Holds reference types.                     |
|                                                  |      |                                              |
| - Types in the stack are positioned              |      | - No type ordering (data is fragmented).     |
|   using the LIFO principle.                      |      |                                              |
|                                                  |      |                                              |
| - Can't have a default constructor and/or        |      | - Can have a default constructor             |
|   finalizer(destructor).                         |      |   and/or finalizer.                          |
|                                                  |      |                                              |
| - Can be created with or without a new operator. |      | - Can be created only with a new operator.   |
|                                                  |      |                                              |
| - Can't derive from the class or struct          |  VS  | - Can have only one base class and/or        |
|   but can derive from the multiple interfaces.   |      |   derive from multiple interfaces.           |
|                                                  |      |                                              |
| - The data members can't be protected.           |      | - Data members can be protected.             |
|                                                  |      |                                              |
| - Function members can't be                      |      | - Function members can be                    |
|   virtual or abstract.                           |      |   virtual or abstract.                       |
|                                                  |      |                                              |
| - Can't have a null value.                       |      | - Can have a null value.                     |
|                                                  |      |                                              |
| - During an assignment, the contents are         |      | - Assignment is happening                    |
|   copied from one variable to another.           |      |   by reference.                              |
+--------------------------------------------------+------+----------------------------------------------+

有关更多信息,请查看以下内容:

类和结构(官方文档)。在类和结构之间选择(官方文档)。

有一个有趣的“类vs结构”难题案例——当您需要从方法返回几个结果时:选择要使用的结果。如果你知道ValueTuple的故事,你就知道添加ValueTuple(结构)是因为它应该比Tuple(类)更有效。但这在数字上意味着什么?两个测试:一个是具有2个字段的结构/类,另一个是有8个字段的类型/类(维度大于4-从处理器节拍的角度来看,类应该比结构更有效,但当然也应该考虑GC负载)。

P.S.另一个特定案例“stuct or class with collections”的基准是:https://stackoverflow.com/a/45276657/506147

BenchmarkDotNet=v0.10.10, OS=Windows 10 Redstone 2 [1703, Creators Update] (10.0.15063.726)
Processor=Intel Core i5-2500K CPU 3.30GHz (Sandy Bridge), ProcessorCount=4
Frequency=3233540 Hz, Resolution=309.2586 ns, Timer=TSC
.NET Core SDK=2.0.3
  [Host] : .NET Core 2.0.3 (Framework 4.6.25815.02), 64bit RyuJIT
  Clr    : .NET Framework 4.7 (CLR 4.0.30319.42000), 64bit RyuJIT-v4.7.2115.0
  Core   : .NET Core 2.0.3 (Framework 4.6.25815.02), 64bit RyuJIT


            Method |  Job | Runtime |     Mean |     Error |    StdDev |      Min |      Max |   Median | Rank |  Gen 0 | Allocated |
------------------ |----- |-------- |---------:|----------:|----------:|---------:|---------:|---------:|-----:|-------:|----------:|
  TestStructReturn |  Clr |     Clr | 17.57 ns | 0.1960 ns | 0.1834 ns | 17.25 ns | 17.89 ns | 17.55 ns |    4 | 0.0127 |      40 B |
   TestClassReturn |  Clr |     Clr | 21.93 ns | 0.4554 ns | 0.5244 ns | 21.17 ns | 23.26 ns | 21.86 ns |    5 | 0.0229 |      72 B |
 TestStructReturn8 |  Clr |     Clr | 38.99 ns | 0.8302 ns | 1.4097 ns | 37.36 ns | 42.35 ns | 38.50 ns |    8 | 0.0127 |      40 B |
  TestClassReturn8 |  Clr |     Clr | 23.69 ns | 0.5373 ns | 0.6987 ns | 22.70 ns | 25.24 ns | 23.37 ns |    6 | 0.0305 |      96 B |
  TestStructReturn | Core |    Core | 12.28 ns | 0.1882 ns | 0.1760 ns | 11.92 ns | 12.57 ns | 12.30 ns |    1 | 0.0127 |      40 B |
   TestClassReturn | Core |    Core | 15.33 ns | 0.4343 ns | 0.4063 ns | 14.83 ns | 16.44 ns | 15.31 ns |    2 | 0.0229 |      72 B |
 TestStructReturn8 | Core |    Core | 34.11 ns | 0.7089 ns | 1.4954 ns | 31.52 ns | 36.81 ns | 34.03 ns |    7 | 0.0127 |      40 B |
  TestClassReturn8 | Core |    Core | 17.04 ns | 0.2299 ns | 0.2150 ns | 16.68 ns | 17.41 ns | 16.98 ns |    3 | 0.0305 |      96 B |

代码测试:

using System;
using System.Text;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using BenchmarkDotNet.Attributes;
using BenchmarkDotNet.Attributes.Columns;
using BenchmarkDotNet.Attributes.Exporters;
using BenchmarkDotNet.Attributes.Jobs;
using DashboardCode.Routines.Json;

namespace Benchmark
{
    //[Config(typeof(MyManualConfig))]
    [RankColumn, MinColumn, MaxColumn, StdDevColumn, MedianColumn]
    [ClrJob, CoreJob]
    [HtmlExporter, MarkdownExporter]
    [MemoryDiagnoser]
    public class BenchmarkStructOrClass
    {
        static TestStruct testStruct = new TestStruct();
        static TestClass testClass = new TestClass();
        static TestStruct8 testStruct8 = new TestStruct8();
        static TestClass8 testClass8 = new TestClass8();
        [Benchmark]
        public void TestStructReturn()
        {
            testStruct.TestMethod();
        }

        [Benchmark]
        public void TestClassReturn()
        {
            testClass.TestMethod();
        }


        [Benchmark]
        public void TestStructReturn8()
        {
            testStruct8.TestMethod();
        }

        [Benchmark]
        public void TestClassReturn8()
        {
            testClass8.TestMethod();
        }

        public class TestStruct
        {
            public int Number = 5;
            public struct StructType<T>
            {
                public T Instance;
                public List<string> List;
            }

            public int TestMethod()
            {
                var s = Method1(1);
                return s.Instance;
            }

            private StructType<int> Method1(int i)
            {
                return Method2(++i);
            }

            private StructType<int> Method2(int i)
            {
                return Method3(++i);
            }

            private StructType<int> Method3(int i)
            {
                return Method4(++i);
            }

            private StructType<int> Method4(int i)
            {
                var x = new StructType<int>();
                x.List = new List<string>();
                x.Instance = ++i;
                return x;
            }
        }

        public class TestClass
        {
            public int Number = 5;
            public class ClassType<T>
            {
                public T Instance;
                public List<string> List;
            }

            public int TestMethod()
            {
                var s = Method1(1);
                return s.Instance;
            }

            private ClassType<int> Method1(int i)
            {
                return Method2(++i);
            }

            private ClassType<int> Method2(int i)
            {
                return Method3(++i);
            }

            private ClassType<int> Method3(int i)
            {
                return Method4(++i);
            }

            private ClassType<int> Method4(int i)
            {
                var x = new ClassType<int>();
                x.List = new List<string>();
                x.Instance = ++i;
                return x;
            }
        }

        public class TestStruct8
        {
            public int Number = 5;
            public struct StructType<T>
            {
                public T Instance1;
                public T Instance2;
                public T Instance3;
                public T Instance4;
                public T Instance5;
                public T Instance6;
                public T Instance7;
                public List<string> List;
            }

            public int TestMethod()
            {
                var s = Method1(1);
                return s.Instance1;
            }

            private StructType<int> Method1(int i)
            {
                return Method2(++i);
            }

            private StructType<int> Method2(int i)
            {
                return Method3(++i);
            }

            private StructType<int> Method3(int i)
            {
                return Method4(++i);
            }

            private StructType<int> Method4(int i)
            {
                var x = new StructType<int>();
                x.List = new List<string>();
                x.Instance1 = ++i;
                return x;
            }
        }

        public class TestClass8
        {
            public int Number = 5;
            public class ClassType<T>
            {
                public T Instance1;
                public T Instance2;
                public T Instance3;
                public T Instance4;
                public T Instance5;
                public T Instance6;
                public T Instance7;
                public List<string> List;
            }

            public int TestMethod()
            {
                var s = Method1(1);
                return s.Instance1;
            }

            private ClassType<int> Method1(int i)
            {
                return Method2(++i);
            }

            private ClassType<int> Method2(int i)
            {
                return Method3(++i);
            }

            private ClassType<int> Method3(int i)
            {
                return Method4(++i);
            }

            private ClassType<int> Method4(int i)
            {
                var x = new ClassType<int>();
                x.List = new List<string>();
                x.Instance1 = ++i;
                return x;
            }
        }
    }
}

除了其他答案之外,还有一个基本的区别值得注意,那就是数据如何存储在数组中,因为这会对性能产生重大影响。

对于结构,数组包含结构的实例对于类,数组包含指向内存中其他位置的类实例的指针

因此,内存中的结构数组如下所示

[结构][结构]〔结构〕〔结构〕

而类数组看起来像这样

指针

对于一个类数组,您感兴趣的值不会存储在数组中,而是存储在内存的其他位置。

对于绝大多数应用程序来说,这种差异并不重要,但是,在高性能代码中,这将影响内存中数据的位置,并对CPU缓存的性能产生很大影响。在可以/应该使用结构的情况下使用类将大大增加CPU上的缓存未命中数。

现代CPU做的最慢的事情不是处理数字,而是从内存中提取数据,一级缓存命中速度比从RAM读取数据快很多倍。

下面是一些可以测试的代码。在我的机器上,遍历类数组所需的时间大约是结构数组的3倍。

    private struct PerformanceStruct
    {
        public int i1;
        public int i2;
    }

    private class PerformanceClass
    {
        public int i1;
        public int i2;
    }

    private static void DoTest()
    {
        var structArray = new PerformanceStruct[100000000];
        var classArray = new PerformanceClass[structArray.Length];

        for (var i = 0; i < structArray.Length; i++)
        {
            structArray[i] = new PerformanceStruct();
            classArray[i] = new PerformanceClass();
        }

        long total = 0;
        var sw = new Stopwatch();
        sw.Start();
        for (var loops = 0; loops < 100; loops++)
        for (var i = 0; i < structArray.Length; i++)
        {
            total += structArray[i].i1 + structArray[i].i2;
        }

        sw.Stop();
        Console.WriteLine($"Struct Time: {sw.ElapsedMilliseconds}");
        sw = new Stopwatch();
        sw.Start();
        for (var loops = 0; loops < 100; loops++)
        for (var i = 0; i < classArray.Length; i++)
        {
            total += classArray[i].i1 + classArray[i].i2;
        }

        Console.WriteLine($"Class Time: {sw.ElapsedMilliseconds}");
    }

首先,结构是通过值而不是引用传递的。结构适用于相对简单的数据结构,而类通过多态性和继承从体系结构的角度来看具有更大的灵活性。

其他人可能会比我给你更多的细节,但当我所追求的结构很简单时,我会使用结构。

如前所述:类是引用类型,而结构是具有所有后果的值类型。

根据经验,框架设计指南建议在以下情况下使用结构而不是类:

它的实例大小小于16字节它逻辑上表示单个值,类似于原始类型(int、double等)它是不可变的它不必经常装箱