ISO C和c++标准非常昂贵。另一方面，INCITS重新出版的费用要低得多。http://www.techstreet.com/网站上的PDF文档售价30美元 (搜寻INCITS/ISO/ iec14882:2003)。

也有硬拷贝版本。请查阅Wiley出版的英国标准协会版本。

ISO标准需要花钱，从中等数额(PDF版本)到稍微多一点(纸质版本)。

虽然它们还没有最终定稿，但通常可以在网上找到草稿。大多数情况下，最终版本与上一版没有太大的不同，所以虽然不完美，但它们也很合适。

c++ 0x草案

ISO C和c++标准非常昂贵。另一方面，INCITS重新出版的费用要低得多。http://www.techstreet.com/网站上的PDF文档售价30美元 (搜寻INCITS/ISO/ iec14882:2003)。

也有硬拷贝版本。请查阅Wiley出版的英国标准协会版本。

标准的PDF版本

从2014年9月1日到2022年3月，PDF格式的官方C和c++标准文档的最佳价格位置似乎是:

C++20 – ISO/IEC 14882:2020: 212 CAD (about $165 US) from csagroup.org C++17 – ISO/IEC 14882:2017: $90 NZD (about $65 US) from Standards New Zealand C++14 – ISO/IEC 14882:2014: $90 NZD (about $65 US) from Standards New Zealand C++11 – ISO/IEC 14882-2011: $60 from ansi.org or $60 from Techstreet C++03 – INCITS/ISO/IEC 14882:2003: $30 from ansi.org C++98 – ISO/IEC 14882:1998: $95 NZD (about $65 US) from Standards New Zealand C17/C18 – INCITS/ISO/IEC 9899:2018: $116 from INCITS/ANSI / N2176 / c17_updated_proposed_fdis.pdf draft from November 2017 (Link broken, see Wayback Machine N2176) C11 – ISO/IEC 9899:2011: $60 from ansi.org / WG14 draft version N1570 C99 – INCITS/ISO/IEC 9899-1999(R2005): $60 from ansi.org / WG14 draft version N1256 C90 – ISO/IEC 9899:1990: $90 NZD (about $65 USD) from Standards New Zealand

标准的非pdf电子版本

警告:标准草案的大多数副本都以PDF格式发布，如果文本/HTML是从PDF转录或自动生成的，则可能会引入错误。

C89 – Draft version in ANSI text format: (https://web.archive.org/web/20161223125339/http://flash-gordon.me.uk/ansi.c.txt) C89 – Draft version as HTML document: (http://port70.net/~nsz/c/c89/c89-draft.html) C90 TC1; ISO/IEC 9899 TCOR1, single-page HTML document: (http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/tc1.htm) C90 TC2; ISO/IEC 9899 TCOR2, single-page HTML document: (http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/tc2.htm) C99 – Draft version (N1256) as HTML document: (http://port70.net/~nsz/c/c99/n1256.html) C11 – Draft version (N1570) as HTML document: (http://port70.net/~nsz/c/c11/n1570.html) C++11 – Working draft (N3337) as plain text document: (http://port70.net/~nsz/c/c%2B%2B/c%2B%2B11_n3337.txt)

(托管c++ 11工作草案纯文本版本的站点也有这种格式的一些c++ 14草案。但它们都不是最终工作草案N4140的副本。)

标准的印刷版本

这些标准的印刷本可以从国家标准机构和ISO获得，但非常昂贵。

如果你想要一份C90标准的硬拷贝，花费比上面少得多的钱，你可以在亚马逊上找到Herb Schildt的书the Annotated ANSI standard的廉价二手副本，其中包含了标准的实际文本(有用)和对标准的注释(不太有用——它包含了几个危险和误导性的错误)。

C99和c++ 03标准可以从Wiley和BSI(英国标准协会)获得:

c++ 03标准的亚马逊 亚马逊C99标准

标准委员会草案版本(免费)

未来标准的工作草案通常可从委员会网站获得:

c++委员会网站 C委员会网站

如果你想获得当前或更早的C/ c++标准的草案，在互联网上有一些免费的:

C:

ANSI X3.159-198 (C89): I cannot find a PDF of C89, but it is almost the same as C90. The only major differences are in the boilerplate and section numbering, although there are some slight textual differences ISO/IEC 9899:1990 (C90): (Almost the same as ANSI X3.159-198 (C89) except for the frontmatter and section numbering. There is at least one textual difference in section 6.5.7 (previously 3.5.7), where "a list" became "a brace-enclosed list". Note that the conversion between ANSI and ISO/IEC Standard is seen inside this document, the document refers to its name as "ANSI/ISO: 9899/99" although this isn't the right name of the later made standard of it, the right name is "ISO/IEC 9899:1990") TC1 for C90: http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n423.pdf There isn't a PDF link for TC2 on the WG14 website, sadly. ISO/IEC 9899:1999 (C99 incorporating all three Technical Corrigenda): http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1256.pdf An earlier version of C99 incorporating only TC1 and TC2: http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1124.pdf Working draft for the original (i.e. pre-corrigenda) C99: http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n843.htm (HTML) and http://www.dkuug.dk/JTC1/SC22/WG14/www/docs/n843.pdf (PDF). Note that there were two later working drafts: N869 and N878, but they seem to have been removed from the WG14 website, so this is the latest one available. List of changes between C89/C90 and C99: http://port70.net/~nsz/c/c89/c9x_changes.html TC1 for C99 (only the TC, not the standard incorporating it): http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/9899tc1/n32071.PDF TC2 for C99 (only the TC, not the standard incorporating it): http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/9899-1999_cor_2-2004.pdf ISO/IEC 9899:2011 (C11): http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n1570.pdf For information on the differences between N1570 and the final, published version of C11, see Latest changes in C11 and https://groups.google.com/g/comp.std.c/c/v5hsWOu5vSw ISO/IEC 9899:2011/Cor 1:2012 (C11's only technical corrigendum): This can be viewed at https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso-iec:9899:ed-3:v1:cor:1:v1:en but cannot be downloaded. It is the actual corrigendum, not a draft. ISO/IEC 9899:2018 (C17/C18): https://web.archive.org/web/20181230041359if_/http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/abq/c17_updated_proposed_fdis.pdf (N2176) C23 work-in-progress - latest working draft as of 24th January 2023 (N3088): https://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n3088.pdf Previous working draft of 7th August 2022 (N3047): http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n3047.pdf

美国小妞C + +:

ISO/IEC 14882:1998 (C++98): http://www.lirmm.fr/~ducour/Doc-objets/ISO+IEC+14882-1998.pdf ISO/IEC 14882:2003 (C++03): https://cs.nyu.edu/courses/fall11/CSCI-GA.2110-003/documents/c++2003std.pdf ISO/IEC 14882:2011 (C++11): http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2012/n3337.pdf ISO/IEC 14882:2014 (C++14): https://github.com/cplusplus/draft/blob/master/papers/n4140.pdf?raw=true ISO/IEC 14882:2017 (C++17): http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg21/docs/papers/2017/n4659.pdf ISO/IEC 14882:2020 (C++20): https://isocpp.org/files/papers/N4860.pdf ISO/IEC 14882:2023 (C++23 work-in-progress. Working draft dated March 17 2022): https://open-std.org/JTC1/SC22/WG21/docs/papers/2022/n4910.pdf

请注意，这些文档与标准并不相同，尽管在决定标准的会议之前的版本通常非常接近最终标准。FCD(最终委员会草案)版本有密码保护;你需要加入标准委员会才能得到它们。

尽管草案版本可能非常接近标准的最终批准版本，但本文的一些编辑强烈建议你获得一份实际文件的副本——特别是如果你打算引用它们作为参考的话。当然，如果囊中羞涩，饥肠辘辘的学生也可以使用汇票。

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看来，如果您愿意并且能够在标准批准后等待几个月，在寻找标准时搜索“INCITS/ISO/IEC”而不是“ISO/IEC”是关键。通过这样做，本文的一位编辑能够以合理的价格找到C11和c++ 11标准。例如，如果你在webstore.ansi.org上搜索“INCITS/ISO/IEC 9899:2011”而不是“ISO/IEC 9899:2011”，你会找到价格合理的PDF版本。

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https://wg21.link/网站提供了c++当前工作草案和标准草案以及委员会文件的短url链接:

https://wg21.link/std11 - c++ 11 https://wg21.link/std14 - c++ 14 https://wg21.link/std17 - c++ 17 https://wg21.link/std20 - c++ 20 https://wg21.link/std -当前工作草案(截至2022年5月仍指向2021年版本)

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目前的标准草案在Github上作为LaTeX源进行维护。可以使用cxxdraft-htmlgen将这些源代码转换为HTML。以下网站维护HTML页面生成:

Tim Song -当前工作草案- c++ 11 - c++ 14 - c++ 17 - c++ 20 Eelis -当前工作草案

Tim Song还维护生成的HTML和PDF版本的Networking TS和Ranges TS。

POSIX对C标准的扩展

POSIX标准(IEEE 1003.1)要求兼容的操作系统包含C编译器。这个编译器必须与C标准兼容，并且还必须支持POSIX“系统接口”部分中定义的各种扩展(例如off_t数据类型，<aio.h>标头，clock_gettime()函数和_POSIX_C_SOURCE宏)。

因此，如果你试图查找一个特定的函数，被告知“这个函数是POSIX的一部分，而不是C标准”，并且想知道为什么操作系统标准强制要求编译器特性和语言扩展……现在你知道了!

POSIX.1-2001: The System Interfaces section can be downloaded as a separate document from https://mirror.math.princeton.edu/pub/oldlinux/download/c951.pdf. Section 1.7 states that the relevant version of the C standard is C99. The "Shell and Utilities" section (https://mirror.math.princeton.edu/pub/oldlinux/download/c952.pdf) mandates not only that a C99-compliant compiler should exist, but that it should be invokable from the command line under the name "c99". One way in which this can be implemented is to place a shell script called "c99" in /usr/bin, which calls gcc with the -std=c99 option added to the list of command-line parameters, and blocks any competing standards from being specified. POSIX.1-2001 had two technical corrigenda, one dated 2002 and one dated 2004. I don't think they're incorporated into the documents as linked above. There's an online HTML version incorporating the corrigenda at https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/ - but I should add that I've had some trouble with the search box and so using Google to search the site is probably your best bet. There is a paywalled link to download the first corrigendum at https://standards.ieee.org/standard/1003_1-2001-Cor1-2002.html. There is also a paywalled link for the second at https://standards.ieee.org/standard/1003_1-2001-Cor2-2004.html

There is a draft version of POSIX.1-2008 at http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/open/n4217.pdf. POSIX.1-2008 also had two technical corrigenda, the latter of the two being dated 2016. There is an online HTML version of the standard incorporating the corrigenda at https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799.2016edition/ - though, again, I have had situations where the site's own search box wasn't good for finding information. There is an online HTML version of POSIX.1-2017 at https://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/ - though, again, I recommend using Google instead of that site's searchbox. According to the Open Group website "IEEE 1003.1-2017 ... is a revision to the 1003.1-2008 standard to rollup the standard including its two technical corrigenda (as-is)". Linux manpages describe it as "technically identical" to POSIX.1-2008 with Technical Corrigenda 1 and 2 applied. This is therefore not a major revision and does not change the value of the _POSIX_C_SOURCE macro.

实际的标准文档可能不是最有用的。大多数编译器并没有完全实现这些标准，有时甚至会发生冲突。所以你已经有的编译器文档会更有用。此外，文档将包含特定于平台的注释和任何注意事项。

ANSI C标准草案(又名C.89)的文本可在网上获得。这是在ISO C标准(C.90)接受之前由ANSI委员会标准化的，所以章节的编号不同(ANSI章节2到4大致对应ISO章节5到7)，尽管内容(应该)基本上相同。