大约一周前，我们在开发团队中讨论过这个问题，我们几乎一致同意采用空收集。有人想要返回null，原因与Mike上面指定的相同。

空的对消费者更友好。

有一个明确的方法来创建一个空的枚举:

Enumerable.Empty<Element>()

空集合。总是这样。

这糟透了:

if(myInstance.CollectionProperty != null)
{
  foreach(var item in myInstance.CollectionProperty)
    /* arrgh */
}

在返回集合或枚举对象时，NEVER返回null被认为是最佳实践。ALWAYS返回一个空的可枚举/集合。它可以防止前面提到的废话，并防止你的车被同事和你的类的用户怂恿。

在谈论属性时，总是设置一次属性，然后忘记它

public List<Foo> Foos {public get; private set;}

public Bar() { Foos = new List<Foo>(); }

在.NET 4.6.1中，你可以将这些内容进行大量压缩:

public List<Foo> Foos { get; } = new List<Foo>();

当谈论返回枚举对象的方法时，你可以很容易地返回一个空的枚举对象而不是null…

public IEnumerable<Foo> GetMyFoos()
{
  return InnerGetFoos() ?? Enumerable.Empty<Foo>();
}

使用Enumerable.Empty<T>()可以被视为比返回一个新的空集合或数组更有效。

有人可能会说，空对象模式背后的原因与支持返回空集合的原因类似。

I call it my billion-dollar mistake…At that time, I was designing the first comprehensive type system for references in an object-oriented language. My goal was to ensure that all use of references should be absolutely safe, with checking performed automatically by the compiler. But I couldn’t resist the temptation to put in a null reference, simply because it was so easy to implement. This has led to innumerable errors, vulnerabilities, and system crashes, which have probably caused a billion dollars of pain and damage in the last forty years. – Tony Hoare, inventor of ALGOL W.

See here for an elaborate shit storm about null in general. I do not agree with the statement that undefined is another null, but it is still worth reading. And it explains, why you should avoid null at all and not just in the case you have asked. The essence is, that null is in any language a special case. You have to think about null as an exception. undefined is different in that way, that code dealing with undefined behavior is in most cases just a bug. C and most other languages have also undefined behavior but most of them have no identifier for that in the language.

返回null可能更有效，因为不会创建新的对象。然而，它也经常需要一个空检查(或异常处理)。

从语义上讲，null和空列表的意思是不同的。这些差异是微妙的，在特定的情况下，一种选择可能比另一种更好。

不管你的选择是什么，记录下来以避免混淆。