从管理复杂性(一个主要的软件工程目标)的角度来看，我们希望避免将不必要的圈复杂性传播到API的客户端。向客户端返回null就像返回另一个代码分支的圈复杂度成本。

(这对应于单元测试负担。除了空集合返回情况外，您还需要为空返回情况编写一个测试。)

大约一周前，我们在开发团队中讨论过这个问题，我们几乎一致同意采用空收集。有人想要返回null，原因与Mike上面指定的相同。

有人可能会说，空对象模式背后的原因与支持返回空集合的原因类似。

从管理复杂性(一个主要的软件工程目标)的角度来看，我们希望避免将不必要的圈复杂性传播到API的客户端。向客户端返回null就像返回另一个代码分支的圈复杂度成本。

(这对应于单元测试负担。除了空集合返回情况外，您还需要为空返回情况编写一个测试。)

视情况而定。如果是特殊情况，则返回null。如果函数恰好返回一个空集合，那么返回显然是可以的。但是，由于无效参数或其他原因而返回一个空集合作为特殊情况并不是一个好主意，因为它掩盖了一个特殊情况条件。

实际上，在这种情况下，我通常更喜欢抛出一个异常，以确保它真的没有被忽略:)

说它使代码更健壮(通过返回一个空集合)，因为它们不必处理null条件是不好的，因为它只是掩盖了应该由调用代码处理的问题。

I call it my billion-dollar mistake…At that time, I was designing the first comprehensive type system for references in an object-oriented language. My goal was to ensure that all use of references should be absolutely safe, with checking performed automatically by the compiler. But I couldn’t resist the temptation to put in a null reference, simply because it was so easy to implement. This has led to innumerable errors, vulnerabilities, and system crashes, which have probably caused a billion dollars of pain and damage in the last forty years. – Tony Hoare, inventor of ALGOL W.

See here for an elaborate shit storm about null in general. I do not agree with the statement that undefined is another null, but it is still worth reading. And it explains, why you should avoid null at all and not just in the case you have asked. The essence is, that null is in any language a special case. You have to think about null as an exception. undefined is different in that way, that code dealing with undefined behavior is in most cases just a bug. C and most other languages have also undefined behavior but most of them have no identifier for that in the language.