我是Java编程的新手,试图掌握OOP的诀窍。
所以我创建了这个抽象类:
public abstract class Vehicle{....}
和2个子类:
public class Car extends Vehicle{....}
public class Boat extends Vehicle{....}
Car和Boat还拥有一些不常见的独特字段和方法(没有相同的名称,所以我无法在Vehicle中为它们定义抽象方法)。
现在在mainClass中我已经设置了我的新车库:
Vehicle[] myGarage= new Vehicle[10];
myGarage[0]=new Car(2,true);
myGarage[1]=new Boat(4,600);
我对多态性非常满意,直到我尝试访问Car特有的一个字段,例如:
boolean carIsAutomatic = myGarage[0].auto;
编译器不接受。我使用类型转换解决了这个问题:
boolean carIsAutomatic = ((Car)myGarage[0]).auto;
工作……但它对方法没有帮助,只对字段有帮助。意思是我做不到
(Car)myGarage[0].doSomeCarStuff();
我的问题是,我的车库里到底有什么?我试图获得直觉,并理解“幕后”发生了什么。
为了方便以后的读者,以下是对答案的简要总结:
Yes, there's a Car in myGarage[]
Being a static typed language, the Java compiler will not lend access to methods/fields that are non-"Vehicle", if accessing those through a data structure based on the Vehicle super class( such as Vehicle myGarage[])
As for how to solve, there are 2 main approaches below:
Use type casting, which will ease the compiler's concerns and leave any errors in the design to run time
The fact that I need casting says the design is flawed. If I need access to non-Vehicle capabilities then I shouldn't be storing the Cars and Boats in a Vehicle based data structure. Either make all those capabilities belong to Vehicle, or use more specific (derived) type based structures
In many cases, composition and/or interfaces would be a better alternative to inheritance. Probably the subject of my next question...
Plus many other good insights down there, if one does have the time to browse through the answers.
You defined that your garage will store vehicles, so you do not care what type of vehicles you have. The vehicles have common features like engine, wheel, behavior like moving.
The actual representation of these features might be different, but at abstract layer are the same.
You used abstract class which means that some attributes, behaviors are exactly the same by both vehicle. If you want to express that your vehicles have common abstract features then use interface like moving might mean different by car and boat. Both can get from point A to point B, but in a different way (on wheel or on water - so the implementation will be different)
So you have vehicles in the garage which behave the same way and you do not car about the specific features of them.
回答评论:
接口是指描述如何与外部世界通信的契约。在合同中,你定义了你的车辆可以移动,可以操纵,但你没有描述它实际是如何工作的,它是在实现中描述的。通过抽象类,你可能有共享某些实现的函数,但你也有不知道如何实现的函数。
一个使用抽象类的例子:
abstract class Vehicle {
protected abstract void identifyWhereIAm();
protected abstract void startEngine();
protected abstract void driveUntilIArriveHome();
protected abstract void stopEngine();
public void navigateToHome() {
identifyWhereIAm();
startEngine();
driveUntilIArriveHome();
stopEngine();
}
}
每辆车都将使用相同的步骤,但步骤的实现将因车辆类型而异。汽车可能会使用GPS,船只可能会使用声纳来确定它的位置。
创建车辆级别字段,这将有助于使每个单独的车辆更加独特。
public abstract class Vehicle {
public final boolean isCar;
public final boolean isBoat;
public Vehicle (boolean isCar, boolean isBoat) {
this.isCar = isCar;
this.isBoat = isBoat;
}
}
将继承类中的Vehicle level字段设置为适当的值。
public class Car extends Vehicle {
public Car (...) {
super(true, false);
...
}
}
public class Boat extends Vehicle {
public Boat (...) {
super(false, true);
...
}
}
实现使用车辆级别字段正确地破译车辆类型。
boolean carIsAutomatic = false;
if (myGarage[0].isCar) {
Car car = (Car) myGarage[0];
car.carMethod();
carIsAutomatic = car.auto;
}
else if (myGarage[0].isBoat) {
Boat boat = (Boat) myGarage[0];
boat.boatMethod();
}
因为你告诉编译器车库中的所有东西都是Vehicle,所以你只能使用Vehicle类级别的方法和字段。如果你想正确地破译车辆类型,那么你应该设置一些类级别的字段,例如isCar和isBoat,这将使你的程序员更好地理解你正在使用的车辆类型。
Java是一种类型安全的语言,所以在处理像Boats和Cars这样已转换的数据之前,最好总是进行类型检查。