我真的只是汇集了其他人的想法(我不是Java的人，所以这是伪的而不是实际的)，但是，在这个人为的例子中，我将把我的汽车检查方法抽象为一个专门的类，它只知道汽车，只关心查看车库时的汽车:

abstract class Vehicle { 
    public abstract string getDescription() ;
}

class Transmission {
    public Transmission(bool isAutomatic) {
        this.isAutomatic = isAutomatic;
    }
    private bool isAutomatic;
    public bool getIsAutomatic() { return isAutomatic; }
}

class Car extends Vehicle {
    @Override
    public string getDescription() { 
        return "a car";
    }

    private Transmission transmission;

    public Transmission getTransmission() {
        return transmission;
    }
}

class Boat extends Vehicle {
    @Override
    public string getDescription() {
        return "a boat";
    }
}

public enum InspectionBoolean {
    FALSE, TRUE, UNSUPPORTED
}

public class CarInspector {
    public bool isCar(Vehicle v) {
        return (v instanceof Car);
    }
    public bool isAutomatic(Car car) {
        Transmission t = car.getTransmission();
        return t.getIsAutomatic();
    }
    public bool isAutomatic(Vehicle vehicle) {
        if (!isCar(vehicle)) throw new UnsupportedVehicleException();
        return isAutomatic((Car)vehicle);
    }
    public InspectionBoolean isAutomatic(Vehicle[] garage, int bay) {
        if (!isCar(garage[bay])) return InspectionBoolean.UNSUPPORTED;
        return isAutomatic(garage[bay]) 
             ? InspectionBoolean.TRUE
             : InspectionBoolean.FALSE;
    }
}

重点是，当你问汽车的传动装置时你已经决定只关心汽车了。所以只要问问CarInspector就行了。多亏了三状态枚举，你现在可以知道它是自动的，甚至它不是一辆车。

当然，你需要为你关心的每辆车使用不同的vehicleinspector。你已经把哪个VehicleInspector实例化的问题推到了链上。

因此，您可能想要查看接口。

抽象getTransmission到接口(例如hastrtransmission)。这样，你就可以检查车辆是否有变速器，或者写一个TransmissionInspector:

abstract class Vehicle { }

class Transmission {
    public Transmission(bool isAutomatic) {
        this.isAutomatic = isAutomatic;
    }
    private bool isAutomatic;
    public bool getIsAutomatic() { return isAutomatic; }
}

interface HasTransmission { 
    Transmission getTransmission(); 
}

class Car extends Vehicle, HasTransmission {
    private Transmission transmission;

    @Override
    public Transmission getTransmission() {
        return transmission;
    }
}

class Bus extends Vehicle, HasTransmission {
    private Transmission transmission;

    @Override
    public Transmission getTransmission() {
        return transmission;
    }
}

class Boat extends Vehicle { }

enum InspectionBoolean {
    FALSE, TRUE, UNSUPPORTED
}

class TransmissionInspector {
    public bool hasTransmission(Vehicle v) {
        return (v instanceof HasTransmission);
    }
    public bool isAutomatic(HasTransmission h) {
        Transmission t = h.getTransmission();
        return t.getIsAutomatic();
    }
    public bool isAutomatic(Vehicle v) {
        if (!hasTranmission(v)) throw new UnsupportedVehicleException();
        return isAutomatic((HasTransmission)v);
    }
    public InspectionBoolean isAutomatic(Vehicle[] garage, int bay) {
        if (!hasTranmission(garage[bay])) return InspectionBoolean.UNSUPPORTED;
        return isAutomatic(garage[bay]) 
             ? InspectionBoolean.TRUE
             : InspectionBoolean.FALSE;
    }
}

现在你说，你只关心变速器，而不考虑车辆，所以可以问变速器检查员。TransmissionInspector可以检查公共汽车和汽车，但它只能询问有关变速器的信息。

现在，您可能认为布尔值并不是您所关心的全部。在这一点上，你可能更喜欢使用泛型的Supported类型，它同时暴露了受支持的状态和值:

class Supported<T> {
    private bool supported = false;
    private T value;

    public Supported() { }
    public Supported(T value) { 
        this.isSupported = true;
        this.value = value; 
    }

    public bool isSupported() { return supported; }
    public T getValue() { 
        if (!supported) throw new NotSupportedException();
        return value;
    }
}

现在你的检查器可能被定义为:

class TransmissionInspector {
    public Supported<bool> isAutomatic(Vehicle[] garage, int bay) {
        if (!hasTranmission(garage[bay])) return new Supported<bool>();
        return new Supported<bool>(isAutomatic(garage[bay]));
    }

    public Supported<int> getGearCount(Vehicle[] garage, int bay) {
        if (!hasTranmission(garage[bay])) return new Supported<int>();
        return new Supported<int>(getGearCount(garage[bay]));
    }
}

正如我说过的，我不是一个Java人，所以上面的一些语法可能是错误的，但这些概念应该是成立的。然而，在没有测试之前，不要在任何重要的地方运行上面的代码。

你的车库包含车辆，所以编译器静态控制视图中你有一个车辆，因为。auto是一个Car字段，你不能访问它，动态地它是一个Car，所以转换不会产生一些问题，如果它是一个船，你试图将转换为Car会在运行时引发异常。

你在这里的问题是在一个更基本的层面上:你以这样一种方式构建了Vehicle，车库需要了解更多关于它的对象的信息，而不是Vehicle接口所提供的信息。您应该尝试从Garage透视图来构建Vehicle类(通常从所有将使用Vehicle的东西的透视图来构建):他们需要用他们的车辆做什么样的事情?我怎样才能用我的方法实现这些呢?

例如，从你的例子:

bool carIsAutomatic = myGarage[0].auto;

你的车库想知道一辆车的发动机…原因吗?不管怎样，没有必要只是通过Car来曝光。你仍然可以在Vehicle中暴露一个未实现的isAutomatic()方法，然后在Boat中实现它为return True并返回this。Car中的auto。

如果有一个三值的EngineType enum (HAS_NO_GEARS, HAS_GEARS_AUTO_SHIFT, HAS_GEARS_MANUAL_SHIFT)会更好，这会让你的代码清晰而准确地推断出通用车辆的实际特征。(无论如何，你需要区分摩托车。)

Modeling objects you want to present in a program (in order to solve some problem) is one thing, coding is another story. In your code, I think essentially it's inappropriate to model a garage using array. Arrays shouldn't be often considered as objects, although they do appear to be, usually for the sake of self-contained-ness sort of integrity of a language and providing some familiarity, but array as a type is really just a computer-specific thing, IMHO, especially in Java, where you can't extend arrays.

我知道正确地建模一个类来表示车库并不能帮助回答“车库中的汽车”的问题;只是一个建议。

回到代码。除了一些面向对象的问题之外，一些问题将有助于创建一个场景，从而更好地理解你想要解决的问题(假设有一个问题，而不仅仅是“得到一些问题”):

谁或什么东西想了解carIsAutomatic? 给定carIsAutomatic，谁或什么将执行doSomeCarStuff?

It might be some inspector, or someone who knows only how to drive auto-transmission cars, etc., but from the garage's perspective, all it knows is it holds some vehicle, therefore (in this model) it is the responsibility of this inspector or driver to tell if it's a car or a boat; at this moment, you may want to start creating another bunch of classes to represent similar types of *actor*s in the scene. Depends on the problem to be resolved, if you really have to, you can model the garage to be a super intelligent system so it behaves like a vending machine, instead of a regular garage, that has a button says "Car" and another says "Boat", so that people can push the button to get a car or a boat as they want, which in turn makes this super intelligent garage responsible for telling what (a car or a boat) should be presented to its users; to follow this improvisation, the garage may require some bookkeeping when it accepts a vehicle, someone may have to provide the information, etc., all these responsibilities go beyond a simple Main class.

说了这么多，当然我理解编写面向对象程序的所有麻烦，以及样板，特别是当它试图解决的问题非常简单时，但面向对象确实是解决许多其他问题的可行方法。根据我的经验，有了一些提供用例的输入，人们开始设计对象如何相互交互的场景，将它们分类为类(以及Java中的接口)，然后使用像Main类这样的东西来引导世界。

如果对基类型进行操作，则只能访问它的公共方法和字段。

如果你想访问扩展类型，但有一个基类型的字段存储它(在你的情况下)，你首先必须强制转换它，然后你可以访问它:

Car car = (Car)myGarage[0];
car.doSomeCarStuff();

或更短，没有温度字段:

((Car)myGarage[0]).doSomeCarStuff();

由于您使用的是Vehicle对象，所以只能从它们的基类调用方法，而不能强制转换。因此，对于车库来说，最好区分不同数组(或者更好的列表)中的对象——数组通常不是一个好主意，因为它在处理方面远不如基于collection的类灵活。

You defined that your garage will store vehicles, so you do not care what type of vehicles you have. The vehicles have common features like engine, wheel, behavior like moving. The actual representation of these features might be different, but at abstract layer are the same. You used abstract class which means that some attributes, behaviors are exactly the same by both vehicle. If you want to express that your vehicles have common abstract features then use interface like moving might mean different by car and boat. Both can get from point A to point B, but in a different way (on wheel or on water - so the implementation will be different) So you have vehicles in the garage which behave the same way and you do not car about the specific features of them.

回答评论:

接口是指描述如何与外部世界通信的契约。在合同中，你定义了你的车辆可以移动，可以操纵，但你没有描述它实际是如何工作的，它是在实现中描述的。通过抽象类，你可能有共享某些实现的函数，但你也有不知道如何实现的函数。

一个使用抽象类的例子:

    abstract class Vehicle {

    protected abstract void identifyWhereIAm();
    protected abstract void startEngine();
    protected abstract void driveUntilIArriveHome();
    protected abstract void stopEngine();

    public void navigateToHome() {
        identifyWhereIAm();
        startEngine();
        driveUntilIArriveHome();
        stopEngine();
    } 
}

每辆车都将使用相同的步骤，但步骤的实现将因车辆类型而异。汽车可能会使用GPS，船只可能会使用声纳来确定它的位置。