我是Java编程的新手，试图掌握OOP的诀窍。
所以我创建了这个抽象类:
public abstract class Vehicle{....}
和2个子类:
public class Car extends Vehicle{....}
public class Boat extends Vehicle{....}
Car和Boat还拥有一些不常见的独特字段和方法(没有相同的名称，所以我无法在Vehicle中为它们定义抽象方法)。
现在在mainClass中我已经设置了我的新车库:
Vehicle[] myGarage= new Vehicle[10];
myGarage[0]=new Car(2,true);
myGarage[1]=new Boat(4,600);
我对多态性非常满意，直到我尝试访问Car特有的一个字段，例如:
boolean carIsAutomatic = myGarage[0].auto;
编译器不接受。我使用类型转换解决了这个问题:
boolean carIsAutomatic = ((Car)myGarage[0]).auto;
工作……但它对方法没有帮助，只对字段有帮助。意思是我做不到
(Car)myGarage[0].doSomeCarStuff();
我的问题是，我的车库里到底有什么?我试图获得直觉，并理解“幕后”发生了什么。
为了方便以后的读者，以下是对答案的简要总结:
Yes, there's a Car in myGarage[]
Being a static typed language, the Java compiler will not lend access to methods/fields that are non-"Vehicle", if accessing those through a data structure based on the Vehicle super class( such as Vehicle myGarage[])
As for how to solve, there are 2 main approaches below:
Use type casting, which will ease the compiler's concerns and leave any errors in the design to run time
The fact that I need casting says the design is flawed. If I need access to non-Vehicle capabilities then I shouldn't be storing the Cars and Boats in a Vehicle based data structure. Either make all those capabilities belong to Vehicle, or use more specific (derived) type based structures
In many cases, composition and/or interfaces would be a better alternative to inheritance. Probably the subject of my next question...
Plus many other good insights down there, if one does have the time to browse through the answers.
我真的只是汇集了其他人的想法(我不是Java的人，所以这是伪的而不是实际的)，但是，在这个人为的例子中，我将把我的汽车检查方法抽象为一个专门的类，它只知道汽车，只关心查看车库时的汽车:
abstract class Vehicle {
public abstract string getDescription() ;
}
class Transmission {
public Transmission(bool isAutomatic) {
this.isAutomatic = isAutomatic;
}
private bool isAutomatic;
public bool getIsAutomatic() { return isAutomatic; }
}
class Car extends Vehicle {
@Override
public string getDescription() {
return "a car";
}
private Transmission transmission;
public Transmission getTransmission() {
return transmission;
}
}
class Boat extends Vehicle {
@Override
public string getDescription() {
return "a boat";
}
}
public enum InspectionBoolean {
FALSE, TRUE, UNSUPPORTED
}
public class CarInspector {
public bool isCar(Vehicle v) {
return (v instanceof Car);
}
public bool isAutomatic(Car car) {
Transmission t = car.getTransmission();
return t.getIsAutomatic();
}
public bool isAutomatic(Vehicle vehicle) {
if (!isCar(vehicle)) throw new UnsupportedVehicleException();
return isAutomatic((Car)vehicle);
}
public InspectionBoolean isAutomatic(Vehicle[] garage, int bay) {
if (!isCar(garage[bay])) return InspectionBoolean.UNSUPPORTED;
return isAutomatic(garage[bay])
? InspectionBoolean.TRUE
: InspectionBoolean.FALSE;
}
}
重点是，当你问汽车的传动装置时你已经决定只关心汽车了。所以只要问问CarInspector就行了。多亏了三状态枚举，你现在可以知道它是自动的，甚至它不是一辆车。
当然，你需要为你关心的每辆车使用不同的vehicleinspector。你已经把哪个VehicleInspector实例化的问题推到了链上。
因此，您可能想要查看接口。
抽象getTransmission到接口(例如hastrtransmission)。这样，你就可以检查车辆是否有变速器，或者写一个TransmissionInspector:
abstract class Vehicle { }
class Transmission {
public Transmission(bool isAutomatic) {
this.isAutomatic = isAutomatic;
}
private bool isAutomatic;
public bool getIsAutomatic() { return isAutomatic; }
}
interface HasTransmission {
Transmission getTransmission();
}
class Car extends Vehicle, HasTransmission {
private Transmission transmission;
@Override
public Transmission getTransmission() {
return transmission;
}
}
class Bus extends Vehicle, HasTransmission {
private Transmission transmission;
@Override
public Transmission getTransmission() {
return transmission;
}
}
class Boat extends Vehicle { }
enum InspectionBoolean {
FALSE, TRUE, UNSUPPORTED
}
class TransmissionInspector {
public bool hasTransmission(Vehicle v) {
return (v instanceof HasTransmission);
}
public bool isAutomatic(HasTransmission h) {
Transmission t = h.getTransmission();
return t.getIsAutomatic();
}
public bool isAutomatic(Vehicle v) {
if (!hasTranmission(v)) throw new UnsupportedVehicleException();
return isAutomatic((HasTransmission)v);
}
public InspectionBoolean isAutomatic(Vehicle[] garage, int bay) {
if (!hasTranmission(garage[bay])) return InspectionBoolean.UNSUPPORTED;
return isAutomatic(garage[bay])
? InspectionBoolean.TRUE
: InspectionBoolean.FALSE;
}
}
现在你说，你只关心变速器，而不考虑车辆，所以可以问变速器检查员。TransmissionInspector可以检查公共汽车和汽车，但它只能询问有关变速器的信息。
现在，您可能认为布尔值并不是您所关心的全部。在这一点上，你可能更喜欢使用泛型的Supported类型，它同时暴露了受支持的状态和值:
class Supported<T> {
private bool supported = false;
private T value;
public Supported() { }
public Supported(T value) {
this.isSupported = true;
this.value = value;
}
public bool isSupported() { return supported; }
public T getValue() {
if (!supported) throw new NotSupportedException();
return value;
}
}
现在你的检查器可能被定义为:
class TransmissionInspector {
public Supported<bool> isAutomatic(Vehicle[] garage, int bay) {
if (!hasTranmission(garage[bay])) return new Supported<bool>();
return new Supported<bool>(isAutomatic(garage[bay]));
}
public Supported<int> getGearCount(Vehicle[] garage, int bay) {
if (!hasTranmission(garage[bay])) return new Supported<int>();
return new Supported<int>(getGearCount(garage[bay]));
}
}
正如我说过的，我不是一个Java人，所以上面的一些语法可能是错误的，但这些概念应该是成立的。然而，在没有测试之前，不要在任何重要的地方运行上面的代码。
You defined that your garage will store vehicles, so you do not care what type of vehicles you have. The vehicles have common features like engine, wheel, behavior like moving.
The actual representation of these features might be different, but at abstract layer are the same.
You used abstract class which means that some attributes, behaviors are exactly the same by both vehicle. If you want to express that your vehicles have common abstract features then use interface like moving might mean different by car and boat. Both can get from point A to point B, but in a different way (on wheel or on water - so the implementation will be different)
So you have vehicles in the garage which behave the same way and you do not car about the specific features of them.
回答评论:
接口是指描述如何与外部世界通信的契约。在合同中，你定义了你的车辆可以移动，可以操纵，但你没有描述它实际是如何工作的，它是在实现中描述的。通过抽象类，你可能有共享某些实现的函数，但你也有不知道如何实现的函数。
一个使用抽象类的例子:
abstract class Vehicle {
protected abstract void identifyWhereIAm();
protected abstract void startEngine();
protected abstract void driveUntilIArriveHome();
protected abstract void stopEngine();
public void navigateToHome() {
identifyWhereIAm();
startEngine();
driveUntilIArriveHome();
stopEngine();
}
}
每辆车都将使用相同的步骤，但步骤的实现将因车辆类型而异。汽车可能会使用GPS，船只可能会使用声纳来确定它的位置。
这是应用访问者设计模式的好地方。
这种模式的美妙之处在于，您可以在一个超类的不同子类上调用不相关的代码，而不必到处执行奇怪的强制转换，也不必在超类中放入大量不相关的方法。
这是通过创建一个Visitor对象并允许我们的Vehicle类接受()访问者来实现的。
您还可以创建许多类型的Visitor，并使用相同的方法调用不相关的代码，只是不同的Visitor实现，这使得这种设计模式在创建干净的类时非常强大。
举个例子:
public class VisitorDemo {
// We'll use this to mark a class visitable.
public static interface Visitable {
void accept(Visitor visitor);
}
// This is the visitor
public static interface Visitor {
void visit(Boat boat);
void visit(Car car);
}
// Abstract
public static abstract class Vehicle implements Visitable {
// NO OTHER RANDOM ABSTRACT METHODS!
}
// Concrete
public static class Car extends Vehicle {
public void doCarStuff() {
System.out.println("Doing car stuff");
}
@Override
public void accept(Visitor visitor) {
visitor.visit(this);
}
}
// Concrete
public static class Boat extends Vehicle {
public void doBoatStuff() {
System.out.println("Doing boat stuff");
}
@Override
public void accept(Visitor visitor) {
visitor.visit(this);
}
}
// Concrete visitor
public static class StuffVisitor implements Visitor {
@Override
public void visit(Boat boat) {
boat.doBoatStuff();
}
@Override
public void visit(Car car) {
car.doCarStuff();
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
// Create our garage
Vehicle[] garage = {
new Boat(),
new Car(),
new Car(),
new Boat(),
new Car()
};
// Create our visitor
Visitor visitor = new StuffVisitor();
// Visit each item in our garage in turn
for (Vehicle v : garage) {
v.accept(visitor);
}
}
}
如您所见，StuffVisitor允许您在Boat或Car上调用不同的代码，这取决于调用哪个访问实现。您还可以创建Visitor的其他实现，以使用相同的.visit()模式调用不同的代码。
还要注意，使用此方法时，不使用instanceof或任何hack类检查。类之间唯一重复的代码是方法void accept(Visitor)。
例如，如果你想支持3种类型的具体子类，你也可以将该实现添加到Visitor接口中。
如果你需要在车库中区分Car和Boat，那么你应该将它们存储在不同的结构中。
例如:
public class Garage {
private List<Car> cars;
private List<Boat> boats;
}
然后，您可以定义特定于船或特定于汽车的方法。
那为什么要多态呢?
假设Vehicle是这样的:
public abstract class Vehicle {
protected int price;
public getPrice() { return price; }
public abstract int getPriceAfterYears(int years);
}
每个Vehicle都有一个价格，所以它可以放在Vehicle抽象类中。
然而，决定n年后价格的公式取决于车辆，因此留给实现类来定义它。例如:
public Car extends Vehicle {
// car specific
private boolean automatic;
@Override
public getPriceAfterYears(int years) {
// losing 1000$ every year
return Math.max(0, this.price - (years * 1000));
}
}
Boat类可能对getPriceAfterYears和特定的属性和方法有其他定义。
现在回到Garage类，你可以定义:
// car specific
public int numberOfAutomaticCars() {
int s = 0;
for(Car car : cars) {
if(car.isAutomatic()) {
s++;
}
}
return s;
}
public List<Vehicle> getVehicles() {
List<Vehicle> v = new ArrayList<>(); // init with sum
v.addAll(cars);
v.addAll(boats);
return v;
}
// all vehicles method
public getAveragePriceAfterYears(int years) {
List<Vehicle> vehicules = getVehicles();
int s = 0;
for(Vehicle v : vehicules) {
// call the implementation of the actual type!
s += v.getPriceAfterYears(years);
}
return s / vehicules.size();
}
多态性的兴趣在于能够调用车辆上的getPriceAfterYears而不关心实现。
通常，下倾是设计缺陷的标志:如果需要区分车辆的实际类型，请不要将所有车辆存储在一起。
注:当然这里的设计可以很容易地改进。这只是一个例子来证明这一点。
