我是Java编程的新手,试图掌握OOP的诀窍。

所以我创建了这个抽象类:

public abstract class Vehicle{....}

和2个子类:

public class Car extends Vehicle{....}
public class Boat extends Vehicle{....}

Car和Boat还拥有一些不常见的独特字段和方法(没有相同的名称,所以我无法在Vehicle中为它们定义抽象方法)。

现在在mainClass中我已经设置了我的新车库:

Vehicle[] myGarage= new Vehicle[10];
myGarage[0]=new Car(2,true);
myGarage[1]=new Boat(4,600);

我对多态性非常满意,直到我尝试访问Car特有的一个字段,例如:

boolean carIsAutomatic = myGarage[0].auto;

编译器不接受。我使用类型转换解决了这个问题:

boolean carIsAutomatic = ((Car)myGarage[0]).auto;

工作……但它对方法没有帮助,只对字段有帮助。意思是我做不到

(Car)myGarage[0].doSomeCarStuff();

我的问题是,我的车库里到底有什么?我试图获得直觉,并理解“幕后”发生了什么。


为了方便以后的读者,以下是对答案的简要总结:

Yes, there's a Car in myGarage[] Being a static typed language, the Java compiler will not lend access to methods/fields that are non-"Vehicle", if accessing those through a data structure based on the Vehicle super class( such as Vehicle myGarage[]) As for how to solve, there are 2 main approaches below: Use type casting, which will ease the compiler's concerns and leave any errors in the design to run time The fact that I need casting says the design is flawed. If I need access to non-Vehicle capabilities then I shouldn't be storing the Cars and Boats in a Vehicle based data structure. Either make all those capabilities belong to Vehicle, or use more specific (derived) type based structures In many cases, composition and/or interfaces would be a better alternative to inheritance. Probably the subject of my next question... Plus many other good insights down there, if one does have the time to browse through the answers.


当前回答

Modeling objects you want to present in a program (in order to solve some problem) is one thing, coding is another story. In your code, I think essentially it's inappropriate to model a garage using array. Arrays shouldn't be often considered as objects, although they do appear to be, usually for the sake of self-contained-ness sort of integrity of a language and providing some familiarity, but array as a type is really just a computer-specific thing, IMHO, especially in Java, where you can't extend arrays.

我知道正确地建模一个类来表示车库并不能帮助回答“车库中的汽车”的问题;只是一个建议。

回到代码。除了一些面向对象的问题之外,一些问题将有助于创建一个场景,从而更好地理解你想要解决的问题(假设有一个问题,而不仅仅是“得到一些问题”):

谁或什么东西想了解carIsAutomatic? 给定carIsAutomatic,谁或什么将执行doSomeCarStuff?

It might be some inspector, or someone who knows only how to drive auto-transmission cars, etc., but from the garage's perspective, all it knows is it holds some vehicle, therefore (in this model) it is the responsibility of this inspector or driver to tell if it's a car or a boat; at this moment, you may want to start creating another bunch of classes to represent similar types of *actor*s in the scene. Depends on the problem to be resolved, if you really have to, you can model the garage to be a super intelligent system so it behaves like a vending machine, instead of a regular garage, that has a button says "Car" and another says "Boat", so that people can push the button to get a car or a boat as they want, which in turn makes this super intelligent garage responsible for telling what (a car or a boat) should be presented to its users; to follow this improvisation, the garage may require some bookkeeping when it accepts a vehicle, someone may have to provide the information, etc., all these responsibilities go beyond a simple Main class.

说了这么多,当然我理解编写面向对象程序的所有麻烦,以及样板,特别是当它试图解决的问题非常简单时,但面向对象确实是解决许多其他问题的可行方法。根据我的经验,有了一些提供用例的输入,人们开始设计对象如何相互交互的场景,将它们分类为类(以及Java中的接口),然后使用像Main类这样的东西来引导世界。

其他回答

如果你需要在车库中区分Car和Boat,那么你应该将它们存储在不同的结构中。

例如:

public class Garage {
    private List<Car> cars;
    private List<Boat> boats;
}

然后,您可以定义特定于船或特定于汽车的方法。

那为什么要多态呢?

假设Vehicle是这样的:

public abstract class Vehicle {
   protected int price;
   public getPrice() { return price; }
   public abstract int getPriceAfterYears(int years);
}

每个Vehicle都有一个价格,所以它可以放在Vehicle抽象类中。

然而,决定n年后价格的公式取决于车辆,因此留给实现类来定义它。例如:

public Car extends Vehicle {
    // car specific
    private boolean automatic;
    @Override
    public getPriceAfterYears(int years) {
        // losing 1000$ every year
        return Math.max(0, this.price - (years * 1000));  
    }
}

Boat类可能对getPriceAfterYears和特定的属性和方法有其他定义。

现在回到Garage类,你可以定义:

// car specific
public int numberOfAutomaticCars() {
    int s = 0;
    for(Car car : cars) {
        if(car.isAutomatic()) {
            s++;
        }
    }
    return s;
}
public List<Vehicle> getVehicles() {
    List<Vehicle> v = new ArrayList<>(); // init with sum
    v.addAll(cars);
    v.addAll(boats);
    return v;
}
// all vehicles method
public getAveragePriceAfterYears(int years) {
    List<Vehicle> vehicules = getVehicles();
    int s = 0;
    for(Vehicle v : vehicules) {
        // call the implementation of the actual type!
        s += v.getPriceAfterYears(years);  
    }
    return s / vehicules.size();
}

多态性的兴趣在于能够调用车辆上的getPriceAfterYears而不关心实现。

通常,下倾是设计缺陷的标志:如果需要区分车辆的实际类型,请不要将所有车辆存储在一起。

注:当然这里的设计可以很容易地改进。这只是一个例子来证明这一点。

如果你使用Java,可以使用反射来检查一个函数是否可用并执行它

创建车辆级别字段,这将有助于使每个单独的车辆更加独特。

public abstract class Vehicle {
    public final boolean isCar;
    public final boolean isBoat;

    public Vehicle (boolean isCar, boolean isBoat) {
        this.isCar  = isCar;
        this.isBoat = isBoat;
    }
}

将继承类中的Vehicle level字段设置为适当的值。

public class Car extends Vehicle {
    public Car (...) {
        super(true, false);
        ...
    }
}

public class Boat extends Vehicle {
    public Boat (...) {
        super(false, true);
        ...
    }
}

实现使用车辆级别字段正确地破译车辆类型。

boolean carIsAutomatic = false;

if (myGarage[0].isCar) {
    Car car = (Car) myGarage[0];
    car.carMethod();
    carIsAutomatic = car.auto;
}

else if (myGarage[0].isBoat) {
    Boat boat = (Boat) myGarage[0];
    boat.boatMethod();
}

因为你告诉编译器车库中的所有东西都是Vehicle,所以你只能使用Vehicle类级别的方法和字段。如果你想正确地破译车辆类型,那么你应该设置一些类级别的字段,例如isCar和isBoat,这将使你的程序员更好地理解你正在使用的车辆类型。

Java是一种类型安全的语言,所以在处理像Boats和Cars这样已转换的数据之前,最好总是进行类型检查。

如果对基类型进行操作,则只能访问它的公共方法和字段。

如果你想访问扩展类型,但有一个基类型的字段存储它(在你的情况下),你首先必须强制转换它,然后你可以访问它:

Car car = (Car)myGarage[0];
car.doSomeCarStuff();

或更短,没有温度字段:

((Car)myGarage[0]).doSomeCarStuff();

由于您使用的是Vehicle对象,所以只能从它们的基类调用方法,而不能强制转换。因此,对于车库来说,最好区分不同数组(或者更好的列表)中的对象——数组通常不是一个好主意,因为它在处理方面远不如基于collection的类灵活。

你的车库包含车辆,所以编译器静态控制视图中你有一个车辆,因为。auto是一个Car字段,你不能访问它,动态地它是一个Car,所以转换不会产生一些问题,如果它是一个船,你试图将转换为Car会在运行时引发异常。