如何在Python脚本中设置时间延迟?


当前回答

异步休眠

请注意,在最近的Python版本(Python 3.4或更高版本)中,您可以使用asyncio.sleep。它与异步编程和asyncio有关。查看下一个示例:

import asyncio
from datetime import datetime

@asyncio.coroutine
def countdown(iteration_name, countdown_sec):
    """
    Just count for some countdown_sec seconds and do nothing else
    """
    while countdown_sec > 0:
       print(f'{iteration_name} iterates: {countdown_sec} seconds')
       yield from asyncio.sleep(1)
       countdown_sec -= 1

loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
tasks = [asyncio.ensure_future(countdown('First Count', 2)),
         asyncio.ensure_future(countdown('Second Count', 3))]

start_time = datetime.utcnow()

# Run both methods. How much time will both run...?
loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.wait(tasks))

loop.close()

print(f'total running time: {datetime.utcnow() - start_time}')

我们可能认为,第一种方法会“休眠”2秒,第二种方法会休眠3秒,这段代码总共运行5秒。但它将打印:

total_running_time: 0:00:03.01286

建议阅读asyncio官方文档以了解更多详细信息。

其他回答

使用时间模块中的sleep()。对于亚秒分辨率,它可以使用浮点参数。

from time import sleep
sleep(0.1)  # Time in seconds

这将延迟2.5秒:

import time
time.sleep(2.5)

下面是另一个例子,其中某个东西大约每分钟运行一次:

import time
while True:
    print("This prints once a minute.")
    time.sleep(60) # Delay for 1 minute (60 seconds).

如何在Python中设置时间延迟?

在一个线程中,我建议使用睡眠功能:

>>> from time import sleep

>>> sleep(4)

该函数实际上暂停了操作系统调用它的线程的处理,允许其他线程和进程在休眠时执行。

为此目的使用它,或者简单地延迟函数的执行。例如:

>>> def party_time():
...     print('hooray!')
...
>>> sleep(3); party_time()
hooray!

“万岁!”在我按下Enter键3秒后打印。

对多个线程和进程使用睡眠的示例

同样,睡眠会暂停线程-它使用几乎为零的处理能力。

为了演示,创建一个这样的脚本(我第一次在交互式Python 3.5 shell中尝试,但由于某些原因,子进程找不到party_later函数):

from concurrent.futures import ThreadPoolExecutor, ProcessPoolExecutor, as_completed
from time import sleep, time

def party_later(kind='', n=''):
    sleep(3)
    return kind + n + ' party time!: ' + __name__

def main():
    with ProcessPoolExecutor() as proc_executor:
        with ThreadPoolExecutor() as thread_executor:
            start_time = time()
            proc_future1 = proc_executor.submit(party_later, kind='proc', n='1')
            proc_future2 = proc_executor.submit(party_later, kind='proc', n='2')
            thread_future1 = thread_executor.submit(party_later, kind='thread', n='1')
            thread_future2 = thread_executor.submit(party_later, kind='thread', n='2')
            for f in as_completed([
              proc_future1, proc_future2, thread_future1, thread_future2,]):
                print(f.result())
            end_time = time()
    print('total time to execute four 3-sec functions:', end_time - start_time)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    main()

此脚本的输出示例:

thread1 party time!: __main__
thread2 party time!: __main__
proc1 party time!: __mp_main__
proc2 party time!: __mp_main__
total time to execute four 3-sec functions: 3.4519670009613037

多线程

您可以使用Timer线程对象触发稍后在单独线程中调用的函数:

>>> from threading import Timer
>>> t = Timer(3, party_time, args=None, kwargs=None)
>>> t.start()
>>>
>>> hooray!

>>>

空行说明了函数打印到我的标准输出中,我必须按Enter键以确保出现提示。

这种方法的好处是,当Timer线程在等待时,我可以做其他事情,在本例中,在执行函数之前按一下Enter键(见第一个空提示)。

多处理库中没有相应的对象。你可以创建一个,但它可能是没有原因的。对于一个简单的计时器来说,子线程比一个全新的子进程更有意义。

用一台昏昏欲睡的发电机来找点乐子。

问题是关于时间延迟。它可以是固定的时间,但在某些情况下,我们可能需要从上次开始测量延迟。以下是一种可能的解决方案:

自上次测量的延迟(定期醒来)

情况可能是,我们希望尽可能定期地做一些事情,而不想在代码中使用所有last_time和next_time的东西。

蜂鸣器发生器

以下代码(sleep.py)定义了一个buzzergen生成器:

import time
from itertools import count

def buzzergen(period):
    nexttime = time.time() + period
    for i in count():
        now = time.time()
        tosleep = nexttime - now
        if tosleep > 0:
            time.sleep(tosleep)
            nexttime += period
        else:
            nexttime = now + period
        yield i, nexttime

调用常规蜂鸣器

from sleepy import buzzergen
import time
buzzer = buzzergen(3) # Planning to wake up each 3 seconds
print time.time()
buzzer.next()
print time.time()
time.sleep(2)
buzzer.next()
print time.time()
time.sleep(5) # Sleeping a bit longer than usually
buzzer.next()
print time.time()
buzzer.next()
print time.time()

运行它,我们可以看到:

1400102636.46
1400102639.46
1400102642.46
1400102647.47
1400102650.47

我们也可以在循环中直接使用它:

import random
for ring in buzzergen(3):
    print "now", time.time()
    print "ring", ring
    time.sleep(random.choice([0, 2, 4, 6]))

运行它,我们可能会看到:

now 1400102751.46
ring (0, 1400102754.461676)
now 1400102754.46
ring (1, 1400102757.461676)
now 1400102757.46
ring (2, 1400102760.461676)
now 1400102760.46
ring (3, 1400102763.461676)
now 1400102766.47
ring (4, 1400102769.47115)
now 1400102769.47
ring (5, 1400102772.47115)
now 1400102772.47
ring (6, 1400102775.47115)
now 1400102775.47
ring (7, 1400102778.47115)

正如我们所看到的,这个蜂鸣器并不太死板,即使我们睡过头了,也能赶上规律的睡眠时间。

异步休眠

请注意,在最近的Python版本(Python 3.4或更高版本)中,您可以使用asyncio.sleep。它与异步编程和asyncio有关。查看下一个示例:

import asyncio
from datetime import datetime

@asyncio.coroutine
def countdown(iteration_name, countdown_sec):
    """
    Just count for some countdown_sec seconds and do nothing else
    """
    while countdown_sec > 0:
       print(f'{iteration_name} iterates: {countdown_sec} seconds')
       yield from asyncio.sleep(1)
       countdown_sec -= 1

loop = asyncio.get_event_loop()
tasks = [asyncio.ensure_future(countdown('First Count', 2)),
         asyncio.ensure_future(countdown('Second Count', 3))]

start_time = datetime.utcnow()

# Run both methods. How much time will both run...?
loop.run_until_complete(asyncio.wait(tasks))

loop.close()

print(f'total running time: {datetime.utcnow() - start_time}')

我们可能认为,第一种方法会“休眠”2秒,第二种方法会休眠3秒,这段代码总共运行5秒。但它将打印:

total_running_time: 0:00:03.01286

建议阅读asyncio官方文档以了解更多详细信息。