我希望使用shell脚本调用长形式和短形式的命令行选项。
我知道可以使用getopts，但是像在Perl中一样，我不能用shell做同样的事情。
关于如何做到这一点的任何想法，这样我就可以使用如下选项:
./shell.sh --copyfile abc.pl /tmp/
./shell.sh -c abc.pl /tmp/
在上面，这两个命令对我的shell意味着同样的事情，但使用getopts，我还不能实现这些?
当前回答
我还没有足够的代表来评论或投票他的解决方案，但他的答案对我来说非常有效。我遇到的唯一问题是参数以单引号结尾(所以我把它们去掉了)。
我还添加了一些示例用法和帮助文本。我将在这里附上我略微扩展的版本:
#!/bin/bash
# getopt example
# from: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/402377/using-getopts-in-bash-shell-script-to-get-long-and-short-command-line-options
HELP_TEXT=\
" USAGE:\n
Accepts - and -- flags, can specify options that require a value, and can be in any order. A double-hyphen (--) will stop processing options.\n\n
Accepts the following forms:\n\n
getopt-example.sh -a -b -c value-for-c some-arg\n
getopt-example.sh -c value-for-c -a -b some-arg\n
getopt-example.sh -abc some-arg\n
getopt-example.sh --along --blong --clong value-for-c -a -b -c some-arg\n
getopt-example.sh some-arg --clong value-for-c\n
getopt-example.sh
"
aflag=false
bflag=false
cargument=""
# options may be followed by one colon to indicate they have a required argument
if ! options=$(getopt -o abc:h\? -l along,blong,help,clong: -- "$@")
then
# something went wrong, getopt will put out an error message for us
exit 1
fi
set -- $options
while [ $# -gt 0 ]
do
case $1 in
-a|--along) aflag=true ;;
-b|--blong) bflag=true ;;
# for options with required arguments, an additional shift is required
-c|--clong) cargument="$2" ; shift;;
-h|--help|-\?) echo -e $HELP_TEXT; exit;;
(--) shift; break;;
(-*) echo "$0: error - unrecognized option $1" 1>&2; exit 1;;
(*) break;;
esac
shift
done
# to remove the single quotes around arguments, pipe the output into:
# | sed -e "s/^'\\|'$//g" (just leading/trailing) or | sed -e "s/'//g" (all)
echo aflag=${aflag}
echo bflag=${bflag}
echo cargument=${cargument}
while [ $# -gt 0 ]
do
echo arg=$1
shift
if [[ $aflag == true ]]; then
echo a is true
fi
done
其他回答
这需要一些时间，但我想要全部:
短选项 长选项 不管有没有论点 非选项参数(没有“-”或“——”的参数) 顺序不重要(script.sh /file -V或script.sh -V /file) 抓住错误用法 在不同的脚本中使用它作为模块，而不需要更改多行代码
最后，我提出了下面的解决方案，它使用getopt来捕获错误并将非选项移动到列表的末尾，然后再使用getopts来解析短选项和长选项。
所有的选项都会自动解析，将它们的长选项名作为变量名(请看例子):
# create string of short options
opt_short=$(printf "%s" "${!options[@]}")
# create string of long options
opt_long="$(printf ",%s" "${options[@]}")"
# catch wrong options and move non-options to the end of the string
args=$(getopt -l "$opt_long" "$opt_short" "$@" 2> >(sed -e 's/^/stderr/g')) || echo -n "Error: " && echo "$args" | grep -oP "(?<=^stderr).*" && exit 1
# create new array of options
mapfile -t args < <(xargs -n1 <<< "$(echo "$args" | sed -E "s/(--[^ ]+) '/\1='/g")" )
# overwrite $@ (options)
set -- "${args[@]}"
# parse options ([h]=help sets the variable "$opt_help" and [V]="" sets the variable "$opt_V")
while getopts "$opt_short-:" opt; do
echo "$opt:$OPTARG"
# long option
if [[ "$opt" == "-" ]]; then
# extract long option name
opt="${OPTARG%%=*}"
# extract long option argument (may be empty)
OPTARG="${OPTARG#"$opt"}"
# remove "=" from long option argument
OPTARG="${OPTARG#=}"
# set variable name
opt=opt_$opt
# short option without argument uses long option name as variable name
elif [[ "${options[$opt]+x}" ]] && [[ "${options[$opt]}" ]]; then
opt=opt_${options[$opt]}
# short option with argument uses long option name as variable name
elif [[ "${options[$opt:]+x}" ]] && [[ "${options[$opt:]}" ]]; then
opt=opt_${options[$opt:]}
# short option without long option name uses short option name as variable name
else
opt=opt_$opt
fi
# remove double colon
opt="${opt%:}"
# options without arguments are set to 1
[[ ! $OPTARG ]] && OPTARG=1
# replace hyphen against underscore
opt="${opt//-/_}"
# set variable variables (replaces hyphen against underscore)
printf -v "$opt" '%s' "$OPTARG"
done
现在，我只需要定义所需的选项名称和源代码脚本:
# import options module
declare -A options=( [h]=help [f:]=file: [V]=verbose [0]=long_only: [s]="" )
source "/usr/local/bin/inc/options.sh";
# display help text
if [[ $opt_help ]]; then
echo "help text"
exit
fi
# output
echo "opt_help:$opt_help"
echo "opt_file:$opt_file"
echo "opt_verbose:$opt_verbose"
echo "opt_long_only:$opt_long_only"
echo "opt_short_only:$opt_s"
echo "opt_path:$1"
echo "opt_mail:$2"
在调用脚本时，可以完全随机地传递所有选项和非选项:
# $opt_file $1 $2 $opt_V $opt_long_only $opt_s
# /demo.sh --file=file.txt /dir info@example.com -V --long_only=yes -s
opt_help:1
opt_file:file.txt
opt_verbose:1
opt_long_only:yes
opt_short_only:1
opt_path=/dir
opt_mail:info@example.com
笔记
在选项数组中，在选项名称后添加:以启用参数。 如果没有给出较长的选项名，则变量名将是$opt_X，其中X是较短的选项名。 如果您希望使用较长的选项名而不定义较短的选项名，则将数组索引设置为一个数字，如上面示例中使用[0]=long_only所做的那样。当然，每个数组下标必须是唯一的。
使用的技术
不使用临时文件捕获stderr 将字符串转换为数组 使用:来解析getopt参数 使用getopts解析长选项名
我只是偶尔写一些shell脚本，但没有实践经验，所以任何反馈都很感激。
使用@Arvid Requate提出的策略，我们注意到一些用户错误。忘记包含值的用户会意外地将下一个选项的名称视为值:
./getopts_test.sh --loglevel= --toc=TRUE
将导致"loglevel"的值被视为"——toc=TRUE"。这可以 被避免的。
我从http://mwiki.wooledge.org/BashFAQ/035关于手动解析的讨论中改编了一些关于检查CLI用户错误的想法。我在处理"-"和"——"参数时插入了错误检查。
然后我开始摆弄语法，所以这里的任何错误都是我的错，而不是原始作者的错。
我的方法可以帮助那些喜欢输入带等号或不带等号的长字符的用户。也就是说，它对“——loglevel 9”的响应应该与“——loglevel=9”的响应相同。在——/space方法中，不可能确定用户是否忘记了一个参数，因此需要进行一些猜测。
如果用户使用长/等号格式(——opt=)，则=后的空格会触发错误，因为没有提供参数。 如果user有长/空格参数(——opt)，如果后面没有参数(命令结束)或参数以破折号开头，该脚本将导致失败。
In case you are starting out on this, there is an interesting difference between "--opt=value" and "--opt value" formats. With the equal sign, the command line argument is seen as "opt=value" and the work to handle that is string parsing, to separate at the "=". In contrast, with "--opt value", the name of the argument is "opt" and we have the challenge of getting the next value supplied in the command line. That's where @Arvid Requate used ${!OPTIND}, the indirect reference. I still don't understand that, well, at all, and comments in BashFAQ seem to warn against that style (http://mywiki.wooledge.org/BashFAQ/006). BTW, I don't think previous poster's comments about importance of OPTIND=$(( $OPTIND + 1 )) are correct. I mean to say, I see no harm from omitting it.
在该脚本的最新版本中，flag -v表示详细打印输出。
将其保存在一个名为“cli-5.sh”的文件中，使其可执行，其中任何一个都将以预期的方式工作或失败
./cli-5.sh -v --loglevel=44 --toc TRUE
./cli-5.sh -v --loglevel=44 --toc=TRUE
./cli-5.sh --loglevel 7
./cli-5.sh --loglevel=8
./cli-5.sh -l9
./cli-5.sh --toc FALSE --loglevel=77
./cli-5.sh --toc=FALSE --loglevel=77
./cli-5.sh -l99 -t yyy
./cli-5.sh -l 99 -t yyy
下面是对用户intpu进行错误检查的示例输出
$ ./cli-5.sh --toc --loglevel=77
ERROR: toc value must not have dash at beginning
$ ./cli-5.sh --toc= --loglevel=77
ERROR: value for toc undefined
您应该考虑打开-v，因为它会打印OPTIND和OPTARG的内部内容
#/usr/bin/env bash
## Paul Johnson
## 20171016
##
## Combines ideas from
## https://stackoverflow.com/questions/402377/using-getopts-in-bash-shell-script-to-get-long-and-short-command-line-options
## by @Arvid Requate, and http://mwiki.wooledge.org/BashFAQ/035
# What I don't understand yet:
# In @Arvid REquate's answer, we have
# val="${!OPTIND}"; OPTIND=$(( $OPTIND + 1 ))
# this works, but I don't understand it!
die() {
printf '%s\n' "$1" >&2
exit 1
}
printparse(){
if [ ${VERBOSE} -gt 0 ]; then
printf 'Parse: %s%s%s\n' "$1" "$2" "$3" >&2;
fi
}
showme(){
if [ ${VERBOSE} -gt 0 ]; then
printf 'VERBOSE: %s\n' "$1" >&2;
fi
}
VERBOSE=0
loglevel=0
toc="TRUE"
optspec=":vhl:t:-:"
while getopts "$optspec" OPTCHAR; do
showme "OPTARG: ${OPTARG[*]}"
showme "OPTIND: ${OPTIND[*]}"
case "${OPTCHAR}" in
-)
case "${OPTARG}" in
loglevel) #argument has no equal sign
opt=${OPTARG}
val="${!OPTIND}"
## check value. If negative, assume user forgot value
showme "OPTIND is {$OPTIND} {!OPTIND} has value \"${!OPTIND}\""
if [[ "$val" == -* ]]; then
die "ERROR: $opt value must not have dash at beginning"
fi
## OPTIND=$(( $OPTIND + 1 )) # CAUTION! no effect?
printparse "--${OPTARG}" " " "${val}"
loglevel="${val}"
shift
;;
loglevel=*) #argument has equal sign
opt=${OPTARG%=*}
val=${OPTARG#*=}
if [ "${OPTARG#*=}" ]; then
printparse "--${opt}" "=" "${val}"
loglevel="${val}"
## shift CAUTION don't shift this, fails othewise
else
die "ERROR: $opt value must be supplied"
fi
;;
toc) #argument has no equal sign
opt=${OPTARG}
val="${!OPTIND}"
## check value. If negative, assume user forgot value
showme "OPTIND is {$OPTIND} {!OPTIND} has value \"${!OPTIND}\""
if [[ "$val" == -* ]]; then
die "ERROR: $opt value must not have dash at beginning"
fi
## OPTIND=$(( $OPTIND + 1 )) #??
printparse "--${opt}" " " "${val}"
toc="${val}"
shift
;;
toc=*) #argument has equal sign
opt=${OPTARG%=*}
val=${OPTARG#*=}
if [ "${OPTARG#*=}" ]; then
toc=${val}
printparse "--$opt" " -> " "$toc"
##shift ## NO! dont shift this
else
die "ERROR: value for $opt undefined"
fi
;;
help)
echo "usage: $0 [-v] [--loglevel[=]<value>] [--toc[=]<TRUE,FALSE>]" >&2
exit 2
;;
*)
if [ "$OPTERR" = 1 ] && [ "${optspec:0:1}" != ":" ]; then
echo "Unknown option --${OPTARG}" >&2
fi
;;
esac;;
h|-\?|--help)
## must rewrite this for all of the arguments
echo "usage: $0 [-v] [--loglevel[=]<value>] [--toc[=]<TRUE,FALSE>]" >&2
exit 2
;;
l)
loglevel=${OPTARG}
printparse "-l" " " "${loglevel}"
;;
t)
toc=${OPTARG}
;;
v)
VERBOSE=1
;;
*)
if [ "$OPTERR" != 1 ] || [ "${optspec:0:1}" = ":" ]; then
echo "Non-option argument: '-${OPTARG}'" >&2
fi
;;
esac
done
echo "
After Parsing values
"
echo "loglevel $loglevel"
echo "toc $toc"
使用带有短/长选项和参数的getopts
适用于所有组合，例如:
Foobar -f——bar Foobar——foo -b Foobar -bf -bar - Foobar foobar -fbFBAshorty——bar -FB——arguments=longhorn foobar -fA "text shorty" -B——arguments="text longhorn" bash foobar -F—barfoo sh foobar - b——foobar -… bash ./foobar -F——bar
本例中的一些声明
Options=$@
Optnum=$#
sfoo='no '
sbar='no '
sfoobar='no '
sbarfoo='no '
sarguments='no '
sARG=empty
lfoo='no '
lbar='no '
lfoobar='no '
lbarfoo='no '
larguments='no '
lARG=empty
Usage函数看起来如何
function _usage()
{
###### U S A G E : Help and ERROR ######
cat <<EOF
foobar $Options
$*
Usage: foobar <[options]>
Options:
-b --bar Set bar to yes ($foo)
-f --foo Set foo to yes ($bart)
-h --help Show this message
-A --arguments=... Set arguments to yes ($arguments) AND get ARGUMENT ($ARG)
-B --barfoo Set barfoo to yes ($barfoo)
-F --foobar Set foobar to yes ($foobar)
EOF
}
[ $# = 0 ] && _usage " >>>>>>>> no options given "
具有长/短标志和长参数的getop
while getopts ':bfh-A:BF' OPTION ; do
case "$OPTION" in
b ) sbar=yes ;;
f ) sfoo=yes ;;
h ) _usage ;;
A ) sarguments=yes;sARG="$OPTARG" ;;
B ) sbarfoo=yes ;;
F ) sfoobar=yes ;;
- ) [ $OPTIND -ge 1 ] && optind=$(expr $OPTIND - 1 ) || optind=$OPTIND
eval OPTION="\$$optind"
OPTARG=$(echo $OPTION | cut -d'=' -f2)
OPTION=$(echo $OPTION | cut -d'=' -f1)
case $OPTION in
--foo ) lfoo=yes ;;
--bar ) lbar=yes ;;
--foobar ) lfoobar=yes ;;
--barfoo ) lbarfoo=yes ;;
--help ) _usage ;;
--arguments ) larguments=yes;lARG="$OPTARG" ;;
* ) _usage " Long: >>>>>>>> invalid options (long) " ;;
esac
OPTIND=1
shift
;;
? ) _usage "Short: >>>>>>>> invalid options (short) " ;;
esac
done
输出
##################################################################
echo "----------------------------------------------------------"
echo "RESULT short-foo : $sfoo long-foo : $lfoo"
echo "RESULT short-bar : $sbar long-bar : $lbar"
echo "RESULT short-foobar : $sfoobar long-foobar : $lfoobar"
echo "RESULT short-barfoo : $sbarfoo long-barfoo : $lbarfoo"
echo "RESULT short-arguments: $sarguments with Argument = \"$sARG\" long-arguments: $larguments and $lARG"
将上述内容组合成一个内聚脚本
#!/bin/bash
# foobar: getopts with short and long options AND arguments
function _cleanup ()
{
unset -f _usage _cleanup ; return 0
}
## Clear out nested functions on exit
trap _cleanup INT EXIT RETURN
###### some declarations for this example ######
Options=$@
Optnum=$#
sfoo='no '
sbar='no '
sfoobar='no '
sbarfoo='no '
sarguments='no '
sARG=empty
lfoo='no '
lbar='no '
lfoobar='no '
lbarfoo='no '
larguments='no '
lARG=empty
function _usage()
{
###### U S A G E : Help and ERROR ######
cat <<EOF
foobar $Options
$*
Usage: foobar <[options]>
Options:
-b --bar Set bar to yes ($foo)
-f --foo Set foo to yes ($bart)
-h --help Show this message
-A --arguments=... Set arguments to yes ($arguments) AND get ARGUMENT ($ARG)
-B --barfoo Set barfoo to yes ($barfoo)
-F --foobar Set foobar to yes ($foobar)
EOF
}
[ $# = 0 ] && _usage " >>>>>>>> no options given "
##################################################################
####### "getopts" with: short options AND long options #######
####### AND short/long arguments #######
while getopts ':bfh-A:BF' OPTION ; do
case "$OPTION" in
b ) sbar=yes ;;
f ) sfoo=yes ;;
h ) _usage ;;
A ) sarguments=yes;sARG="$OPTARG" ;;
B ) sbarfoo=yes ;;
F ) sfoobar=yes ;;
- ) [ $OPTIND -ge 1 ] && optind=$(expr $OPTIND - 1 ) || optind=$OPTIND
eval OPTION="\$$optind"
OPTARG=$(echo $OPTION | cut -d'=' -f2)
OPTION=$(echo $OPTION | cut -d'=' -f1)
case $OPTION in
--foo ) lfoo=yes ;;
--bar ) lbar=yes ;;
--foobar ) lfoobar=yes ;;
--barfoo ) lbarfoo=yes ;;
--help ) _usage ;;
--arguments ) larguments=yes;lARG="$OPTARG" ;;
* ) _usage " Long: >>>>>>>> invalid options (long) " ;;
esac
OPTIND=1
shift
;;
? ) _usage "Short: >>>>>>>> invalid options (short) " ;;
esac
done
下面是一个实际使用长选项的getopt的示例:
aflag=no
bflag=no
cargument=none
# options may be followed by one colon to indicate they have a required argument
if ! options=$(getopt -o abc: -l along,blong,clong: -- "$@")
then
# something went wrong, getopt will put out an error message for us
exit 1
fi
set -- $options
while [ $# -gt 0 ]
do
case $1 in
-a|--along) aflag="yes" ;;
-b|--blong) bflag="yes" ;;
# for options with required arguments, an additional shift is required
-c|--clong) cargument="$2" ; shift;;
(--) shift; break;;
(-*) echo "$0: error - unrecognized option $1" 1>&2; exit 1;;
(*) break;;
esac
shift
done
如果这就是您想要调用脚本的方式
myscript.sh --input1 "ABC" --input2 "PQR" --input2 "XYZ"
然后，您可以使用getopt和——longoptions来实现这个最简单的方法
试试这个，希望对你有用
# Read command line options
ARGUMENT_LIST=(
"input1"
"input2"
"input3"
)
# read arguments
opts=$(getopt \
--longoptions "$(printf "%s:," "${ARGUMENT_LIST[@]}")" \
--name "$(basename "$0")" \
--options "" \
-- "$@"
)
echo $opts
eval set --$opts
while true; do
case "$1" in
--input1)
shift
empId=$1
;;
--input2)
shift
fromDate=$1
;;
--input3)
shift
toDate=$1
;;
--)
shift
break
;;
esac
shift
done
