我希望使用shell脚本调用长形式和短形式的命令行选项。
我知道可以使用getopts，但是像在Perl中一样，我不能用shell做同样的事情。
关于如何做到这一点的任何想法，这样我就可以使用如下选项:
./shell.sh --copyfile abc.pl /tmp/
./shell.sh -c abc.pl /tmp/
在上面，这两个命令对我的shell意味着同样的事情，但使用getopts，我还不能实现这些?
当前回答
内置OS X (BSD) getopt不支持长选项，但GNU版本支持:brew install GNU -getopt。然后，类似于:cp /usr/local/Cellar/gnu-getopt/1.1.6/bin/getopt /usr/local/bin/gnu-getopt。
其他回答
在ksh93中，getopts支持长名字…
while getopts "f(file):s(server):" flag
do
echo "$flag" $OPTIND $OPTARG
done
至少我找到的教程是这么说的。试试看。
这需要一些时间，但我想要全部:
短选项 长选项 不管有没有论点 非选项参数(没有“-”或“——”的参数) 顺序不重要(script.sh /file -V或script.sh -V /file) 抓住错误用法 在不同的脚本中使用它作为模块，而不需要更改多行代码
最后，我提出了下面的解决方案，它使用getopt来捕获错误并将非选项移动到列表的末尾，然后再使用getopts来解析短选项和长选项。
所有的选项都会自动解析，将它们的长选项名作为变量名(请看例子):
# create string of short options
opt_short=$(printf "%s" "${!options[@]}")
# create string of long options
opt_long="$(printf ",%s" "${options[@]}")"
# catch wrong options and move non-options to the end of the string
args=$(getopt -l "$opt_long" "$opt_short" "$@" 2> >(sed -e 's/^/stderr/g')) || echo -n "Error: " && echo "$args" | grep -oP "(?<=^stderr).*" && exit 1
# create new array of options
mapfile -t args < <(xargs -n1 <<< "$(echo "$args" | sed -E "s/(--[^ ]+) '/\1='/g")" )
# overwrite $@ (options)
set -- "${args[@]}"
# parse options ([h]=help sets the variable "$opt_help" and [V]="" sets the variable "$opt_V")
while getopts "$opt_short-:" opt; do
echo "$opt:$OPTARG"
# long option
if [[ "$opt" == "-" ]]; then
# extract long option name
opt="${OPTARG%%=*}"
# extract long option argument (may be empty)
OPTARG="${OPTARG#"$opt"}"
# remove "=" from long option argument
OPTARG="${OPTARG#=}"
# set variable name
opt=opt_$opt
# short option without argument uses long option name as variable name
elif [[ "${options[$opt]+x}" ]] && [[ "${options[$opt]}" ]]; then
opt=opt_${options[$opt]}
# short option with argument uses long option name as variable name
elif [[ "${options[$opt:]+x}" ]] && [[ "${options[$opt:]}" ]]; then
opt=opt_${options[$opt:]}
# short option without long option name uses short option name as variable name
else
opt=opt_$opt
fi
# remove double colon
opt="${opt%:}"
# options without arguments are set to 1
[[ ! $OPTARG ]] && OPTARG=1
# replace hyphen against underscore
opt="${opt//-/_}"
# set variable variables (replaces hyphen against underscore)
printf -v "$opt" '%s' "$OPTARG"
done
现在，我只需要定义所需的选项名称和源代码脚本:
# import options module
declare -A options=( [h]=help [f:]=file: [V]=verbose [0]=long_only: [s]="" )
source "/usr/local/bin/inc/options.sh";
# display help text
if [[ $opt_help ]]; then
echo "help text"
exit
fi
# output
echo "opt_help:$opt_help"
echo "opt_file:$opt_file"
echo "opt_verbose:$opt_verbose"
echo "opt_long_only:$opt_long_only"
echo "opt_short_only:$opt_s"
echo "opt_path:$1"
echo "opt_mail:$2"
在调用脚本时，可以完全随机地传递所有选项和非选项:
# $opt_file $1 $2 $opt_V $opt_long_only $opt_s
# /demo.sh --file=file.txt /dir info@example.com -V --long_only=yes -s
opt_help:1
opt_file:file.txt
opt_verbose:1
opt_long_only:yes
opt_short_only:1
opt_path=/dir
opt_mail:info@example.com
笔记
在选项数组中，在选项名称后添加:以启用参数。 如果没有给出较长的选项名，则变量名将是$opt_X，其中X是较短的选项名。 如果您希望使用较长的选项名而不定义较短的选项名，则将数组索引设置为一个数字，如上面示例中使用[0]=long_only所做的那样。当然，每个数组下标必须是唯一的。
使用的技术
不使用临时文件捕获stderr 将字符串转换为数组 使用:来解析getopt参数 使用getopts解析长选项名
#!/bin/bash
while getopts "abc:d:" flag
do
case $flag in
a) echo "[getopts:$OPTIND]==> -$flag";;
b) echo "[getopts:$OPTIND]==> -$flag";;
c) echo "[getopts:$OPTIND]==> -$flag $OPTARG";;
d) echo "[getopts:$OPTIND]==> -$flag $OPTARG";;
esac
done
shift $((OPTIND-1))
echo "[otheropts]==> $@"
exit
.
#!/bin/bash
until [ -z "$1" ]; do
case $1 in
"--dlong")
shift
if [ "${1:1:0}" != "-" ]
then
echo "==> dlong $1"
shift
fi;;
*) echo "==> other $1"; shift;;
esac
done
exit
为了保持跨平台兼容性，避免依赖外部可执行文件，我从另一种语言移植了一些代码。
我发现它很容易使用，这里有一个例子:
ArgParser::addArg "[h]elp" false "This list"
ArgParser::addArg "[q]uiet" false "Supress output"
ArgParser::addArg "[s]leep" 1 "Seconds to sleep"
ArgParser::addArg "v" 1 "Verbose mode"
ArgParser::parse "$@"
ArgParser::isset help && ArgParser::showArgs
ArgParser::isset "quiet" \
&& echo "Quiet!" \
|| echo "Noisy!"
local __sleep
ArgParser::tryAndGetArg sleep into __sleep \
&& echo "Sleep for $__sleep seconds" \
|| echo "No value passed for sleep"
# This way is often more convienient, but is a little slower
echo "Sleep set to: $( ArgParser::getArg sleep )"
所需的BASH有点长，但我希望避免依赖BASH 4的关联数组。你也可以直接从http://nt4.com/bash/argparser.inc.sh下载
#!/usr/bin/env bash
# Updates to this script may be found at
# http://nt4.com/bash/argparser.inc.sh
# Example of runtime usage:
# mnc.sh --nc -q Caprica.S0*mkv *.avi *.mp3 --more-options here --host centos8.host.com
# Example of use in script (see bottom)
# Just include this file in yours, or use
# source argparser.inc.sh
unset EXPLODED
declare -a EXPLODED
function explode
{
local c=$#
(( c < 2 )) &&
{
echo function "$0" is missing parameters
return 1
}
local delimiter="$1"
local string="$2"
local limit=${3-99}
local tmp_delim=$'\x07'
local delin=${string//$delimiter/$tmp_delim}
local oldifs="$IFS"
IFS="$tmp_delim"
EXPLODED=($delin)
IFS="$oldifs"
}
# See: http://fvue.nl/wiki/Bash:_Passing_variables_by_reference
# Usage: local "$1" && upvar $1 "value(s)"
upvar() {
if unset -v "$1"; then # Unset & validate varname
if (( $# == 2 )); then
eval $1=\"\$2\" # Return single value
else
eval $1=\(\"\${@:2}\"\) # Return array
fi
fi
}
function decho
{
:
}
function ArgParser::check
{
__args=${#__argparser__arglist[@]}
for (( i=0; i<__args; i++ ))
do
matched=0
explode "|" "${__argparser__arglist[$i]}"
if [ "${#1}" -eq 1 ]
then
if [ "${1}" == "${EXPLODED[0]}" ]
then
decho "Matched $1 with ${EXPLODED[0]}"
matched=1
break
fi
else
if [ "${1}" == "${EXPLODED[1]}" ]
then
decho "Matched $1 with ${EXPLODED[1]}"
matched=1
break
fi
fi
done
(( matched == 0 )) && return 2
# decho "Key $key has default argument of ${EXPLODED[3]}"
if [ "${EXPLODED[3]}" == "false" ]
then
return 0
else
return 1
fi
}
function ArgParser::set
{
key=$3
value="${1:-true}"
declare -g __argpassed__$key="$value"
}
function ArgParser::parse
{
unset __argparser__argv
__argparser__argv=()
# echo parsing: "$@"
while [ -n "$1" ]
do
# echo "Processing $1"
if [ "${1:0:2}" == '--' ]
then
key=${1:2}
value=$2
elif [ "${1:0:1}" == '-' ]
then
key=${1:1} # Strip off leading -
value=$2
else
decho "Not argument or option: '$1'" >& 2
__argparser__argv+=( "$1" )
shift
continue
fi
# parameter=${tmp%%=*} # Extract name.
# value=${tmp##*=} # Extract value.
decho "Key: '$key', value: '$value'"
# eval $parameter=$value
ArgParser::check $key
el=$?
# echo "Check returned $el for $key"
[ $el -eq 2 ] && decho "No match for option '$1'" >&2 # && __argparser__argv+=( "$1" )
[ $el -eq 0 ] && decho "Matched option '${EXPLODED[2]}' with no arguments" >&2 && ArgParser::set true "${EXPLODED[@]}"
[ $el -eq 1 ] && decho "Matched option '${EXPLODED[2]}' with an argument of '$2'" >&2 && ArgParser::set "$2" "${EXPLODED[@]}" && shift
shift
done
}
function ArgParser::isset
{
declare -p "__argpassed__$1" > /dev/null 2>&1 && return 0
return 1
}
function ArgParser::getArg
{
# This one would be a bit silly, since we can only return non-integer arguments ineffeciently
varname="__argpassed__$1"
echo "${!varname}"
}
##
# usage: tryAndGetArg <argname> into <varname>
# returns: 0 on success, 1 on failure
function ArgParser::tryAndGetArg
{
local __varname="__argpassed__$1"
local __value="${!__varname}"
test -z "$__value" && return 1
local "$3" && upvar $3 "$__value"
return 0
}
function ArgParser::__construct
{
unset __argparser__arglist
# declare -a __argparser__arglist
}
##
# @brief add command line argument
# @param 1 short and/or long, eg: [s]hort
# @param 2 default value
# @param 3 description
##
function ArgParser::addArg
{
# check for short arg within long arg
if [[ "$1" =~ \[(.)\] ]]
then
short=${BASH_REMATCH[1]}
long=${1/\[$short\]/$short}
else
long=$1
fi
if [ "${#long}" -eq 1 ]
then
short=$long
long=''
fi
decho short: "$short"
decho long: "$long"
__argparser__arglist+=("$short|$long|$1|$2|$3")
}
##
# @brief show available command line arguments
##
function ArgParser::showArgs
{
# declare -p | grep argparser
printf "Usage: %s [OPTION...]\n\n" "$( basename "${BASH_SOURCE[0]}" )"
printf "Defaults for the options are specified in brackets.\n\n";
__args=${#__argparser__arglist[@]}
for (( i=0; i<__args; i++ ))
do
local shortname=
local fullname=
local default=
local description=
local comma=
explode "|" "${__argparser__arglist[$i]}"
shortname="${EXPLODED[0]:+-${EXPLODED[0]}}" # String Substitution Guide:
fullname="${EXPLODED[1]:+--${EXPLODED[1]}}" # http://tldp.org/LDP/abs/html/parameter-substitution.html
test -n "$shortname" \
&& test -n "$fullname" \
&& comma=","
default="${EXPLODED[3]}"
case $default in
false )
default=
;;
"" )
default=
;;
* )
default="[$default]"
esac
description="${EXPLODED[4]}"
printf " %2s%1s %-19s %s %s\n" "$shortname" "$comma" "$fullname" "$description" "$default"
done
}
function ArgParser::test
{
# Arguments with a default of 'false' do not take paramaters (note: default
# values are not applied in this release)
ArgParser::addArg "[h]elp" false "This list"
ArgParser::addArg "[q]uiet" false "Supress output"
ArgParser::addArg "[s]leep" 1 "Seconds to sleep"
ArgParser::addArg "v" 1 "Verbose mode"
ArgParser::parse "$@"
ArgParser::isset help && ArgParser::showArgs
ArgParser::isset "quiet" \
&& echo "Quiet!" \
|| echo "Noisy!"
local __sleep
ArgParser::tryAndGetArg sleep into __sleep \
&& echo "Sleep for $__sleep seconds" \
|| echo "No value passed for sleep"
# This way is often more convienient, but is a little slower
echo "Sleep set to: $( ArgParser::getArg sleep )"
echo "Remaining command line: ${__argparser__argv[@]}"
}
if [ "$( basename "$0" )" == "argparser.inc.sh" ]
then
ArgParser::test "$@"
fi
长选项可以被内置的标准getopts作为- " option "的"参数"解析。
这是可移植的本地POSIX shell -不需要外部程序或bashisms。
本指南将长选项作为-选项的参数实现，因此——alpha被getopts视为参数alpha为-，而——bravo=foo被参数bravo=foo视为-。true实参通过shell参数展开获取，更新$OPT和$OPTARG。
在本例中，-b和-c(以及它们的长形式——bravo和——charlie)具有强制实参。长选项的参数出现在等号之后，例如——bravo=foo(长选项的空格分隔符很难实现，参见下文)。
因为它使用了内置的getopts，所以这个解决方案支持像cmd——bravo=foo -ac FILE这样的用法(它组合了选项-a和-c，并将长选项与标准选项交织在一起)，而这里的大多数其他答案要么很难做到，要么无法做到这一点。
die() { echo "$*" >&2; exit 2; } # complain to STDERR and exit with error
needs_arg() { if [ -z "$OPTARG" ]; then die "No arg for --$OPT option"; fi; }
while getopts ab:c:-: OPT; do
# support long options: https://stackoverflow.com/a/28466267/519360
if [ "$OPT" = "-" ]; then # long option: reformulate OPT and OPTARG
OPT="${OPTARG%%=*}" # extract long option name
OPTARG="${OPTARG#$OPT}" # extract long option argument (may be empty)
OPTARG="${OPTARG#=}" # if long option argument, remove assigning `=`
fi
case "$OPT" in
a | alpha ) alpha=true ;;
b | bravo ) needs_arg; bravo="$OPTARG" ;;
c | charlie ) needs_arg; charlie="$OPTARG" ;;
??* ) die "Illegal option --$OPT" ;; # bad long option
? ) exit 2 ;; # bad short option (error reported via getopts)
esac
done
shift $((OPTIND-1)) # remove parsed options and args from $@ list
When the option is a dash (-), it is a long option. getopts will have parsed the actual long option into $OPTARG, e.g. --bravo=foo originally sets OPT='-' and OPTARG='bravo=foo'. The if stanza sets $OPT to the contents of $OPTARG before the first equals sign (bravo in our example) and then removes that from the beginning of $OPTARG (yielding =foo in this step, or an empty string if there is no =). Finally, we strip the argument's leading =. At this point, $OPT is either a short option (one character) or a long option (2+ characters).
The case then matches either short or long options (the pipe, |, indicates that "or" operation. A long-only option like delta ) delta=true ;; doesn't need a pipe). For short options, getopts automatically complains about options and missing arguments, so we have to replicate those manually using the needs_arg function, which fatally exits when $OPTARG is empty. The ??* condition will match any remaining long option (? matches a single character and * matches zero or more, so ??* matches 2+ characters), allowing us to issue the "Illegal option" error before exiting.
与正常的gnu风格的长选项一样，提供——将停止解析，因此- -- --bravo=4将把$alpha设置为true，但$bravo将保持不变，$1将-bravo=4。我不能说我建议用前导破折号来命名文件，但这是表示它们不是选项的方法。
小错误:如果有人给出了一个无效的单字符长选项(它也不是一个短选项)，这将退出一个错误，但没有消息(这个实现假设它是一个短选项)。您可以在case之前的条件中使用一个额外的变量来跟踪它，然后在最后的case条件中测试它，但我认为这是一个太麻烦的角落情况。
大写变量名:一般情况下，建议保留全大写变量供系统使用。我将$OPT保留为全大写，以与$OPTARG保持一致，但这确实打破了这种约定。我认为这很合适，因为这是系统应该做的事情，它应该是安全的;我还没有听说过任何使用这个变量名的标准。
要抱怨长选项的非预期实参:用翻转测试模拟needs_argg来抱怨一个非预期实参:
no_arg() { if [ -n "$OPTARG" ]; then die "No arg allowed for --$OPT option"; fi; }
要接受带空格分隔参数的长选项:您可以用eval "ARG_B=\"\$$OPTIND\""(或使用bash的间接展开，ARG_B="${!OPTIND}")拉入下一个参数，然后增加$OPTIND，正如这个答案的旧版本所指出的那样，但它不可靠;getopts可以过早地终止，假设参数超出了它的作用域，并且一些实现不太适合手动操作$OPTIND。
