import java.io.IOException;

class Super {

    protected Super getClassName(Super s) throws IOException {
        System.out.println(this.getClass().getSimpleName() + " - I'm parent");
        return null;
    }

}

class SubOne extends Super {

    @Override
    protected Super getClassName(Super s)  {
        System.out.println(this.getClass().getSimpleName() + " - I'm Perfect Overriding");
        return null;
    }

}

class SubTwo extends Super {

    @Override
    protected Super getClassName(Super s) throws NullPointerException {
        System.out.println(this.getClass().getSimpleName() + " - I'm Overriding and Throwing Runtime Exception");
        return null;
    }

}

class SubThree extends Super {

    @Override
    protected SubThree getClassName(Super s) {
        System.out.println(this.getClass().getSimpleName()+ " - I'm Overriding and Returning SubClass Type");
        return null;
    }

}

class SubFour extends Super {

    @Override
    protected Super getClassName(Super s) throws IOException {
        System.out.println(this.getClass().getSimpleName()+ " - I'm Overriding and Throwing Narrower Exception ");
        return null;
    }

}

class SubFive extends Super {

    @Override
    public Super getClassName(Super s) {
        System.out.println(this.getClass().getSimpleName()+ " - I'm Overriding and have broader Access ");
        return null;
    }

}

class SubSix extends Super {

    public Super getClassName(Super s, String ol) {
        System.out.println(this.getClass().getSimpleName()+ " - I'm Perfect Overloading ");
        return null;
    }

}

class SubSeven extends Super {

    public Super getClassName(SubSeven s) {
        System.out.println(this.getClass().getSimpleName()+ " - I'm Perfect Overloading because Method signature (Argument) changed.");
        return null;
    }

}

public class Test{

    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {

        System.out.println("Overriding\n");

        Super s1 = new SubOne(); s1.getClassName(null);

        Super s2 = new SubTwo(); s2.getClassName(null);

        Super s3 = new SubThree(); s3.getClassName(null);

        Super s4 = new SubFour(); s4.getClassName(null);

        Super s5 = new SubFive(); s5.getClassName(null);

        System.out.println("Overloading\n");

        SubSix s6 = new SubSix(); s6.getClassName(null, null);

        s6 = new SubSix(); s6.getClassName(null);

        SubSeven s7 = new SubSeven(); s7.getClassName(s7);

        s7 = new SubSeven(); s7.getClassName(new Super());

    }
}

没有:

重载是指使用相同的函数名，但接受不同的参数。

重写是指子类用自己的方法替换父类的方法(这本身不构成多态性)。

多态性是后期绑定，例如，基类(父类)方法被调用，但直到运行时应用程序才知道实际对象是什么——它可能是一个方法不同的子类。这是因为任何子类都可以在定义基类的地方使用。

在Java中，你可以在集合库中看到很多多态性:

int countStuff(List stuff) {
  return stuff.size();
}

List是基类，编译器不知道你计数的是链表、向量、数组还是自定义列表实现，只要它像List一样:

List myStuff = new MyTotallyAwesomeList();
int result = countStuff(myStuff);

如果你超载了，你会:

int countStuff(LinkedList stuff) {...}
int countStuff(ArrayList stuff) {...}
int countStuff(MyTotallyAwesomeList stuff) {...}
etc...

编译器会选择countStuff()的正确版本来匹配参数。

表达多态性最清晰的方法是通过抽象基类(或接口)

public abstract class Human{
   ...
   public abstract void goPee();
}

这个类是抽象的，因为goPee()方法对人类是不可定义的。它只对子类Male和Female可定义。此外，人是一个抽象的概念——你不能创造一个既不是男性也不是女性的人。一定是两者之一。

因此，我们通过使用抽象类来延迟实现。

public class Male extends Human{
...
    @Override
    public void goPee(){
        System.out.println("Stand Up");
    }
}

and

public class Female extends Human{
...
    @Override
    public void goPee(){
        System.out.println("Sit Down");
    }
}

现在我们可以让一屋子的人去尿尿了。

public static void main(String[] args){
    ArrayList<Human> group = new ArrayList<Human>();
    group.add(new Male());
    group.add(new Female());
    // ... add more...

    // tell the class to take a pee break
    for (Human person : group) person.goPee();
}

运行该命令会得到:

Stand Up
Sit Down
...

什么是多态性?

来自java教程

多态性的字典定义是指生物学中的一个原理，在这个原理中，一个有机体或物种可以有许多不同的形式或阶段。这个原则也可以应用于面向对象编程和Java语言等语言。类的子类可以定义它们自己独特的行为，同时还可以共享父类的一些相同功能。

通过对实例和定义的考虑，应采用覆盖式回答。

关于你的第二个问题:

如果你有一个抽象基类，它定义了一个没有实现的方法，并且你在子类中定义了这个方法，这仍然是覆盖的吗?

它应该被称为重写。

看一下这个例子，了解不同类型的覆盖。

基类不提供实现，子类必须重写完整方法-(抽象) 基类提供默认实现，子类可以改变行为 子类通过调用super.methodName()作为第一条语句向基类实现添加扩展 基类定义了算法的结构(Template方法)，子类将覆盖算法的一部分

代码片段:

import java.util.HashMap;

abstract class Game implements Runnable{

    protected boolean runGame = true;
    protected Player player1 = null;
    protected Player player2 = null;
    protected Player currentPlayer = null;

    public Game(){
        player1 = new Player("Player 1");
        player2 = new Player("Player 2");
        currentPlayer = player1;
        initializeGame();
    }

    /* Type 1: Let subclass define own implementation. Base class defines abstract method to force
        sub-classes to define implementation    
    */

    protected abstract void initializeGame();

    /* Type 2: Sub-class can change the behaviour. If not, base class behaviour is applicable */
    protected void logTimeBetweenMoves(Player player){
        System.out.println("Base class: Move Duration: player.PlayerActTime - player.MoveShownTime");
    }

    /* Type 3: Base class provides implementation. Sub-class can enhance base class implementation by calling
        super.methodName() in first line of the child class method and specific implementation later */
    protected void logGameStatistics(){
        System.out.println("Base class: logGameStatistics:");
    }
    /* Type 4: Template method: Structure of base class can't be changed but sub-class can some part of behaviour */
    protected void runGame() throws Exception{
        System.out.println("Base class: Defining the flow for Game:");  
        while ( runGame) {
            /*
            1. Set current player
            2. Get Player Move
            */
            validatePlayerMove(currentPlayer);  
            logTimeBetweenMoves(currentPlayer);
            Thread.sleep(500);
            setNextPlayer();
        }
        logGameStatistics();
    }
    /* sub-part of the template method, which define child class behaviour */
    protected abstract void validatePlayerMove(Player p);

    protected void setRunGame(boolean status){
        this.runGame = status;
    }
    public void setCurrentPlayer(Player p){
        this.currentPlayer = p;
    }
    public void setNextPlayer(){
        if ( currentPlayer == player1) {
            currentPlayer = player2;
        }else{
            currentPlayer = player1;
        }
    }
    public void run(){
        try{
            runGame();
        }catch(Exception err){
            err.printStackTrace();
        }
    }
}

class Player{
    String name;
    Player(String name){
        this.name = name;
    }
    public String getName(){
        return name;
    }
}

/* Concrete Game implementation  */
class Chess extends Game{
    public Chess(){
        super();
    }
    public void initializeGame(){
        System.out.println("Child class: Initialized Chess game");
    }
    protected void validatePlayerMove(Player p){
        System.out.println("Child class: Validate Chess move:"+p.getName());
    }
    protected void logGameStatistics(){
        super.logGameStatistics();
        System.out.println("Child class: Add Chess specific logGameStatistics:");
    }
}
class TicTacToe extends Game{
    public TicTacToe(){
        super();
    }
    public void initializeGame(){
        System.out.println("Child class: Initialized TicTacToe game");
    }
    protected void validatePlayerMove(Player p){
        System.out.println("Child class: Validate TicTacToe move:"+p.getName());
    }
}

public class Polymorphism{
    public static void main(String args[]){
        try{

            Game game = new Chess();
            Thread t1 = new Thread(game);
            t1.start();
            Thread.sleep(1000);
            game.setRunGame(false);
            Thread.sleep(1000);

            game = new TicTacToe();
            Thread t2 = new Thread(game);
            t2.start();
            Thread.sleep(1000);
            game.setRunGame(false);

        }catch(Exception err){
            err.printStackTrace();
        }       
    }
}

输出:

Child class: Initialized Chess game
Base class: Defining the flow for Game:
Child class: Validate Chess move:Player 1
Base class: Move Duration: player.PlayerActTime - player.MoveShownTime
Child class: Validate Chess move:Player 2
Base class: Move Duration: player.PlayerActTime - player.MoveShownTime
Base class: logGameStatistics:
Child class: Add Chess specific logGameStatistics:
Child class: Initialized TicTacToe game
Base class: Defining the flow for Game:
Child class: Validate TicTacToe move:Player 1
Base class: Move Duration: player.PlayerActTime - player.MoveShownTime
Child class: Validate TicTacToe move:Player 2
Base class: Move Duration: player.PlayerActTime - player.MoveShownTime
Base class: logGameStatistics:

多态性是类实例的一种能力，它的行为就像它是其继承树中另一个类的实例一样，通常是它的祖先类之一。例如，在Java中，所有的类都继承自Object。因此，您可以创建Object类型的变量，并将任何类的实例分配给它。

An override is a type of function which occurs in a class which inherits from another class. An override function "replaces" a function inherited from the base class, but does so in such a way that it is called even when an instance of its class is pretending to be a different type through polymorphism. Referring to the previous example, you could define your own class and override the toString() function. Because this function is inherited from Object, it will still be available if you copy an instance of this class into an Object-type variable. Normally, if you call toString() on your class while it is pretending to be an Object, the version of toString which will actually fire is the one defined on Object itself. However, because the function is an override, the definition of toString() from your class is used even when the class instance's true type is hidden behind polymorphism.

重载是定义具有相同名称但具有不同参数的多个方法的操作。它与覆盖或多态性无关。

多态性就其意义而言更有可能……java中的override

这都是关于同一个对象在不同情况下的不同行为(在编程方式中…你可以调用不同的参数)

我认为下面的例子会帮助你理解……虽然它不是纯java代码…

     public void See(Friend)
     {
        System.out.println("Talk");
     }

但是如果我们改变参数…行为将会改变…

     public void See(Enemy)
     {
        System.out.println("Run");
     }

人(这里的“对象”)是一样的……