c语言并没有什么特别之处，这也是它速度快的原因之一。

新语言支持垃圾收集、动态类型和其他功能，使程序员更容易编写程序。

问题在于，会有额外的处理开销，这会降低应用程序的性能。C语言没有这些，这意味着没有开销，但这意味着程序员需要能够分配内存并释放它们以防止内存泄漏，并且必须处理变量的静态类型。

也就是说，许多语言和平台，如Java(其Java虚拟机)和。net(其公共语言运行时)，多年来通过即时编译(从字节码生成本机机器代码以实现更高性能)等技术改进了性能。

令人惊讶的是，“C/ c++必须比Java快，因为Java是解释性的”的神话仍然活跃。有几年前的文章，也有最近的文章，用概念或测量来解释为什么这种情况并不总是如此。

当前的虚拟机实现(顺便说一下，不仅仅是JVM)可以利用程序执行期间收集的信息来动态地优化代码，使用各种技术:

将频繁的方法呈现给机器代码， 内联小方法， 锁紧调整

以及各种其他调整，这些调整是基于了解代码实际在做什么，以及它运行的环境的实际特征。

里面有很多问题——大部分是我没有资格回答的问题。但对于最后一个:

有什么能阻止其他语言编译成运行速度和C一样快的二进制呢?

一句话，抽象。

C语言只比机器语言高出一到两个抽象层次。Java和. net语言距离汇编程序至少有3个抽象级别。Python和Ruby我不太确定。

通常，程序员的玩具越多(复杂的数据类型等)，你离机器语言的距离就越远，需要做的翻译就越多。

我在这里和那里都偏离了，但这是基本的要点。

更新-------这篇文章有一些很好的评论，有更多的细节。

1)正如其他人所说，C为你做的更少。没有初始化变量，没有数组边界检查，没有内存管理等。其他语言中的这些特性会消耗C语言不需要的内存和CPU周期。

2) Answers saying that C is less abstracted and therefore faster are only half correct I think. Technically speaking, if you had a "sufficiently advanced compiler" for language X, then language X could approach or equal the speed of C. The difference with C is that since it maps so obviously (if you've taken an architecture course) and directly to assembly language that even a naive compiler can do a decent job. For something like Python, you need a very advanced compiler to predict the probable types of objects and generate machine code on the fly -- C's semantics are simple enough that a simple compiler can do well.

C的设计者们已经做出了取舍。也就是说，他们决定把速度放在安全之上。C不会

检查数组下标边界 检查未初始化的变量值 检查内存泄漏 检查空指针解引用

当你索引到一个数组时，在Java中，它接受虚拟机中的一些方法调用，绑定检查和其他健全检查。这是有效的，绝对没问题，因为它在应有的地方增加了安全性。但是在C语言中，即使是非常微不足道的东西也不会被放在安全的地方。例如，C不要求memcpy检查要复制的区域是否重叠。它并不是一种用于编写大型商业应用程序的语言。

但是这些设计决策并不是C语言中的bug。它们是被设计出来的，因为它允许编译器和库编写者从计算机中获得每一点性能。下面是C语言的精神——C语言的基本原理文档是这样解释的:

C code can be non-portable. Although it strove to give programmers the opportunity to write truly portable programs, the Committee did not want to force programmers into writing portably, to preclude the use of C as a ``high-level assembler'': the ability to write machine-specific code is one of the strengths of C. Keep the spirit of C. The Committee kept as a major goal to preserve the traditional spirit of C. There are many facets of the spirit of C, but the essence is a community sentiment of the underlying principles upon which the C language is based. Some of the facets of the spirit of C can be summarized in phrases like Trust the programmer. Don't prevent the programmer from doing what needs to be done. Keep the language small and simple. Provide only one way to do an operation. Make it fast, even if it is not guaranteed to be portable. The last proverb needs a little explanation. The potential for efficient code generation is one of the most important strengths of C. To help ensure that no code explosion occurs for what appears to be a very simple operation, many operations are defined to be how the target machine's hardware does it rather than by a general abstract rule. An example of this willingness to live with what the machine does can be seen in the rules that govern the widening of char objects for use in expressions: whether the values of char objects widen to signed or unsigned quantities typically depends on which byte operation is more efficient on the target machine.

For the most part, every C instruction corresponds to a very few assembler instructions. You are essentially writing higher level machine code, so you have control over almost everything the processor does. Many other compiled languages, such as C++, have a lot of simple looking instructions that can turn into much more code than you think it does (virtual functions, copy constructors, etc..) And interpreted languages like Java or Ruby have another layer of instructions that you never see - the Virtual Machine or Interpreter.