我认为没有人提到这样一个事实，即在C编译器上投入的精力比任何其他编译器都要多，也许Java是例外。

由于前面提到的许多原因，C是非常可优化的——几乎比任何其他语言都要多。因此，如果在其他语言编译器上投入同样的精力，C可能仍然会名列前茅。

I think there is at least one candidate language that with effort could be optimized better than C and thus we could see implementations that produce faster binaries. I'm thinking of digital mars D because the creator took care to build a language that could potentially be better optimized than C. There may be other languages that have this possibility. However I cannot imagine that any language will have compilers more than just a few percent faster than the best C compilers. I would love to be wrong.

我认为真正的“唾手可得的果实”将是那些被设计为易于人类优化的语言。一个熟练的程序员可以让任何语言运行得更快——但有时你不得不做一些荒谬的事情或使用不自然的结构来实现这一点。尽管这总是需要付出努力，但一种好的语言应该产生相对快速的代码，而不必纠结于程序究竟是如何编写的。

It's also important (at least to me) that the worst case code tends to be fast. There are numerous "proofs" on the web that Java is as fast or faster than C, but that is based on cherry picking examples. I'm not big fan of C, but I know that ANYTHING I write in C is going to run well. With Java it will "probably" run within 15% of the speed, usually within 25% but in some cases it can be far worse. Any cases where it's just as fast or within a couple of percent are usually due to most of the time being spent in the library code which is heavily optimized C anyway.

我知道很多人都说过这句话，但是:

C更快，因为它(为你)做的更少。

只需在您的IDE中逐步检查机器代码，您就会看到为什么它更快(如果它更快的话)。它省去了很多手把手的环节。很有可能你的Cxx也会被告知不要使用，在这种情况下，它应该是相同的。

编译器优化被高估了，就像几乎所有关于语言速度的看法一样。

优化生成的代码只会对热点代码产生影响，也就是说，没有函数调用(显式或隐式)的紧凑算法。在其他地方，收效甚微。

有什么能阻止其他语言 能够编译成二进制文件 运行速度和C一样快?

没什么。像Java或。net语言这样的现代语言更多地面向程序员的生产力，而不是性能。现在硬件很便宜。此外，编译到中间表示提供了很多好处，如安全性，可移植性等。net CLR可以利用不同的硬件-例如，你不需要手动优化/重新编译程序来使用SSE指令集。

这实际上是一个长期存在的谎言。虽然C程序确实经常更快，但情况并非总是如此，特别是当C程序员不太擅长它的时候。

人们往往会忘记的一个明显的漏洞是，当程序必须为某种IO阻塞时，比如任何GUI程序中的用户输入。在这些情况下，使用什么语言并不重要，因为您受到数据传入速度的限制，而不是处理数据的速度。在这种情况下，不管你使用的是C、Java、c#甚至Perl;你不能比数据进入的速度更快。

The other major thing is that using garbage collection and not using proper pointers allows the virtual machine to make a number of optimizations not available in other languages. For instance, the JVM is capable of moving objects around on the heap to defragment it. This makes future allocations much faster since the next index can simply be used rather than looking it up in a table. Modern JVMs also don't have to actually deallocate memory; instead, they just move the live objects around when they GC and the spent memory from the dead objects is recovered essentially for free.

This also brings up an interesting point about C and even more so in C++. There is something of a design philosophy of "If you don't need it, you don't pay for it." The problem is that if you do want it, you end up paying through the nose for it. For instance, the vtable implementation in Java tends to be a lot better than C++ implementations, so virtual function calls are a lot faster. On the other hand, you have no choice but to use virtual functions in Java and they still cost something, but in programs that use a lot of virtual functions, the reduced cost adds up.

主要的因素是它是一种静态类型的语言，可以编译为机器代码。此外，由于它是一种低级语言，它通常不会做任何您不让它做的事情。

这些是我想到的其他一些因素。

Variables are not automatically initialized No bounds checking on arrays Unchecked pointer manipulation No integer overflow checking Statically-typed variables Function calls are static (unless you use function pointers) Compiler writers have had lots of time to improve the optimizing code. Also, people program in C for the purpose of getting the best performance, so there's pressure to optimize the code. Parts of the language specification are implementation-defined, so compilers are free to do things in the most optimal way

大多数静态类型语言的编译速度可以和C语言一样快，甚至比C语言更快，特别是如果它们可以假设C语言因为指针别名等原因而不能这样做的话。