里面有很多问题——大部分是我没有资格回答的问题。但对于最后一个:

有什么能阻止其他语言编译成运行速度和C一样快的二进制呢?

一句话，抽象。

C语言只比机器语言高出一到两个抽象层次。Java和. net语言距离汇编程序至少有3个抽象级别。Python和Ruby我不太确定。

通常，程序员的玩具越多(复杂的数据类型等)，你离机器语言的距离就越远，需要做的翻译就越多。

我在这里和那里都偏离了，但这是基本的要点。

更新-------这篇文章有一些很好的评论，有更多的细节。

这实际上是一个长期存在的谎言。虽然C程序确实经常更快，但情况并非总是如此，特别是当C程序员不太擅长它的时候。

人们往往会忘记的一个明显的漏洞是，当程序必须为某种IO阻塞时，比如任何GUI程序中的用户输入。在这些情况下，使用什么语言并不重要，因为您受到数据传入速度的限制，而不是处理数据的速度。在这种情况下，不管你使用的是C、Java、c#甚至Perl;你不能比数据进入的速度更快。

The other major thing is that using garbage collection and not using proper pointers allows the virtual machine to make a number of optimizations not available in other languages. For instance, the JVM is capable of moving objects around on the heap to defragment it. This makes future allocations much faster since the next index can simply be used rather than looking it up in a table. Modern JVMs also don't have to actually deallocate memory; instead, they just move the live objects around when they GC and the spent memory from the dead objects is recovered essentially for free.

This also brings up an interesting point about C and even more so in C++. There is something of a design philosophy of "If you don't need it, you don't pay for it." The problem is that if you do want it, you end up paying through the nose for it. For instance, the vtable implementation in Java tends to be a lot better than C++ implementations, so virtual function calls are a lot faster. On the other hand, you have no choice but to use virtual functions in Java and they still cost something, but in programs that use a lot of virtual functions, the reduced cost adds up.

里面有很多问题——大部分是我没有资格回答的问题。但对于最后一个:

有什么能阻止其他语言编译成运行速度和C一样快的二进制呢?

一句话，抽象。

C语言只比机器语言高出一到两个抽象层次。Java和. net语言距离汇编程序至少有3个抽象级别。Python和Ruby我不太确定。

通常，程序员的玩具越多(复杂的数据类型等)，你离机器语言的距离就越远，需要做的翻译就越多。

我在这里和那里都偏离了，但这是基本的要点。

更新-------这篇文章有一些很好的评论，有更多的细节。

C的设计者们已经做出了取舍。也就是说，他们决定把速度放在安全之上。C不会

检查数组下标边界 检查未初始化的变量值 检查内存泄漏 检查空指针解引用

当你索引到一个数组时，在Java中，它接受虚拟机中的一些方法调用，绑定检查和其他健全检查。这是有效的，绝对没问题，因为它在应有的地方增加了安全性。但是在C语言中，即使是非常微不足道的东西也不会被放在安全的地方。例如，C不要求memcpy检查要复制的区域是否重叠。它并不是一种用于编写大型商业应用程序的语言。

但是这些设计决策并不是C语言中的bug。它们是被设计出来的，因为它允许编译器和库编写者从计算机中获得每一点性能。下面是C语言的精神——C语言的基本原理文档是这样解释的:

C code can be non-portable. Although it strove to give programmers the opportunity to write truly portable programs, the Committee did not want to force programmers into writing portably, to preclude the use of C as a ``high-level assembler'': the ability to write machine-specific code is one of the strengths of C. Keep the spirit of C. The Committee kept as a major goal to preserve the traditional spirit of C. There are many facets of the spirit of C, but the essence is a community sentiment of the underlying principles upon which the C language is based. Some of the facets of the spirit of C can be summarized in phrases like Trust the programmer. Don't prevent the programmer from doing what needs to be done. Keep the language small and simple. Provide only one way to do an operation. Make it fast, even if it is not guaranteed to be portable. The last proverb needs a little explanation. The potential for efficient code generation is one of the most important strengths of C. To help ensure that no code explosion occurs for what appears to be a very simple operation, many operations are defined to be how the target machine's hardware does it rather than by a general abstract rule. An example of this willingness to live with what the machine does can be seen in the rules that govern the widening of char objects for use in expressions: whether the values of char objects widen to signed or unsigned quantities typically depends on which byte operation is more efficient on the target machine.

原因有很多，包括:

它被编译成汇编语言。 它是静态类型的。 没有垃圾回收。 没有异常机制。 编译器优化 C语言的哲学之一是保持简单并保持向后兼容性，而不是添加更多的特性。

有什么能阻止其他语言 能够编译成二进制文件 运行速度和C一样快?

没什么。像Java或。net语言这样的现代语言更多地面向程序员的生产力，而不是性能。现在硬件很便宜。此外，编译到中间表示提供了很多好处，如安全性，可移植性等。net CLR可以利用不同的硬件-例如，你不需要手动优化/重新编译程序来使用SSE指令集。