我使用HAVING来约束基于聚合函数结果的查询。例如:select * in blahblahblah group by SOMETHING having count(SOMETHING)>0

HAVING子句被添加到SQL中，因为WHERE关键字不能用于聚合函数。

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语法:

SELECT column_name, aggregate_function(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name operator value
GROUP BY column_name
HAVING aggregate_function(column_name) operator value

这样的查询:

SELECT column_name, COUNT( column_name ) AS column_name_tally
  FROM table_name
 WHERE column_name < 3
 GROUP 
    BY column_name
HAVING COUNT( column_name ) >= 3;

.．.可以使用派生表重写(并省略HAVING)，如下所示:

SELECT column_name, column_name_tally
  FROM (
        SELECT column_name, COUNT(column_name) AS column_name_tally
          FROM table_name
         WHERE column_name < 3
         GROUP 
            BY column_name
       ) pointless_range_variable_required_here
 WHERE column_name_tally >= 3;

我使用HAVING来约束基于聚合函数结果的查询。例如:select * in blahblahblah group by SOMETHING having count(SOMETHING)>0

我遇到了一个问题，并发现了WHERE和HAVING之间的另一个区别。它对索引列的作用不同。

WHERE my_indexed_row = 123将显示行，并自动对其他索引行执行“ORDER ASC”。

HAVING my_indexed_row = 123显示从最老的“插入”行到最新的行，没有顺序。

HAVING在使用聚合(例如GROUP BY)时使用。

SELECT edc_country, COUNT(*)
FROM Ed_Centers
GROUP BY edc_country
HAVING COUNT(*) > 1
ORDER BY edc_country;

对我来说，第一个区别是:如果HAVING从SQL语言中移除，那么生活将或多或少地像以前一样。当然，少数查询需要使用派生表、CTE等重新编写，但它们可能会因此更容易理解和维护。也许供应商的优化器代码需要重新编写，以考虑到这一点，这又是一个行业内改进的机会。

Now consider for a moment removing WHERE from the language. This time the majority of queries in existence would need to be rewritten without an obvious alternative construct. Coders would have to get creative e.g. inner join to a table known to contain exactly one row (e.g. DUAL in Oracle) using the ON clause to simulate the prior WHERE clause. Such constructions would be contrived; it would be obvious there was something was missing from the language and the situation would be worse as a result.

我们可能失去明天的“拥有”，情况不会更糟，甚至可能更好，但“在哪里”就不一定了。

从这里的答案来看，许多人似乎没有意识到HAVING子句可以在没有GROUP BY子句的情况下使用。在本例中，HAVING子句应用于整个表表达式，并要求SELECT子句中只出现常量。通常，HAVING子句将涉及聚合。

这比听起来更有用。例如，考虑这个查询来测试name列是否对T中的所有值都是唯一的:

SELECT 1 AS result
  FROM T
HAVING COUNT( DISTINCT name ) = COUNT( name );

只有两种可能的结果:如果HAVING子句为真，则结果为包含值1的单行，否则结果为空集。