我得到以下错误:

Exception in thread Thread-3:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/threading.py", line 810, in        __bootstrap_inner
self.run()
File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/threading.py", line 763, in  run
self.__target(*self.__args, **self.__kwargs)
File "/Users/Matthew/Desktop/Skypebot 2.0/bot.py", line 271, in process
info = urllib2.urlopen(req).read()
File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/urllib2.py", line 154, in urlopen
return opener.open(url, data, timeout)
File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/urllib2.py", line 431, in open
response = self._open(req, data)
File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/urllib2.py", line 449, in _open
'_open', req)
File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/urllib2.py", line 409, in _call_chain
result = func(*args)
File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/urllib2.py", line 1240, in https_open
context=self._context)
File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/urllib2.py", line 1197, in do_open
raise URLError(err)
URLError: <urlopen error [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed (_ssl.c:581)>

下面是导致这个错误的代码:

if input.startswith("!web"):
    input = input.replace("!web ", "")      
    url = "https://domainsearch.p.mashape.com/index.php?name=" + input
    req = urllib2.Request(url, headers={ 'X-Mashape-Key': 'XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX' })
    info = urllib2.urlopen(req).read()
    Message.Chat.SendMessage ("" + info)

我正在使用的API要求我使用HTTPS。我怎样才能让它绕过验证呢?


当前回答

使用pip安装PyOpenSSL对我来说是有效的(没有转换为PEM):

pip install PyOpenSSL

其他回答

对于Centos 6/7、Fedora上的Python 3.4+,只需按如下方式安装受信任CA:

拷贝CA.crt到/etc/pki/ca-trust/source/anchors/ update-ca-trust force-enable update-ca-trust提取

我认为你有几种方法可以解决这个问题。我提到了以下5种方法:

你可以为每个请求定义上下文,并在每个请求上传递上下文,如下所示:

import certifi
import ssl
import urllib
context = ssl.create_default_context(cafile=certifi.where())
result = urllib.request.urlopen('https://www.example.com', context=context)

或在环境中设置证书文件。

import os
import certifi
import urllib
os.environ["REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE"] = certifi.where()
os.environ["SSL_CERT_FILE"] = certifi.where()
result = urllib.request.urlopen('https://www.example.com')

创建默认的https上下文方法:

import certifi
import ssl
ssl._create_default_https_context = lambda: ssl.create_default_context(cafile=certifi.where())
result = urllib.request.urlopen('https://www.example.com')

如果您使用Linux机器,生成新的证书并导出指向证书目录的环境变量,则可以修复该问题。

$ sudo update-ca-certificates --fresh
$ export SSL_CERT_DIR=/etc/ssl/certs

或如果您使用Mac机器,生成新的证书

$ cd "/Applications/$(python3 --version | awk '{print $2}'| awk  -F. '{print "Python " $1"."$2}')"
$ sudo "./Install Certificates.command"

Python 2.7.12(默认,2016年7月29日,15:26:22)修复了上述问题。这个信息可能会帮助到其他人。

在python 2.7中,在文件C:\Python27\lib\site-packages\certifi\cacert中添加受信任根CA的详细信息。pem帮助

之后我运行(使用管理员权限) pip install——truste- host pypi.python.org——truste- host pypi.org——truste- host files.pythonhosted.org packageName

我的解决方案是使用一个python包Beautiful Soup。它神奇地处理SSL的事情。Beautiful Soup是一个可以很容易地从网页中抓取信息的库。

from bs4 import BeautifulSoup as soup
import requests
url = "https://dex.raydium.io/#/market/2xiv8A5xrJ7RnGdxXB42uFEkYHJjszEhaJyKKt4WaLep"
html = requests.get(url, verify=True)
 
page_soup = soup(html.text, 'html.parser')
print(page_soup.prettify())