我得到以下错误:
Exception in thread Thread-3:
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/threading.py", line 810, in __bootstrap_inner
self.run()
File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/threading.py", line 763, in run
self.__target(*self.__args, **self.__kwargs)
File "/Users/Matthew/Desktop/Skypebot 2.0/bot.py", line 271, in process
info = urllib2.urlopen(req).read()
File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/urllib2.py", line 154, in urlopen
return opener.open(url, data, timeout)
File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/urllib2.py", line 431, in open
response = self._open(req, data)
File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/urllib2.py", line 449, in _open
'_open', req)
File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/urllib2.py", line 409, in _call_chain
result = func(*args)
File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/urllib2.py", line 1240, in https_open
context=self._context)
File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/2.7/lib/python2.7/urllib2.py", line 1197, in do_open
raise URLError(err)
URLError: <urlopen error [SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED] certificate verify failed (_ssl.c:581)>
下面是导致这个错误的代码:
if input.startswith("!web"):
input = input.replace("!web ", "")
url = "https://domainsearch.p.mashape.com/index.php?name=" + input
req = urllib2.Request(url, headers={ 'X-Mashape-Key': 'XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX' })
info = urllib2.urlopen(req).read()
Message.Chat.SendMessage ("" + info)
我正在使用的API要求我使用HTTPS。我怎样才能让它绕过验证呢?
如果只想绕过验证，可以创建一个新的SSLContext。默认情况下，新创建的上下文使用CERT_NONE。
如17.3.7.2.1节所述，请注意这一点
当直接调用SSLContext构造函数时，CERT_NONE是默认值。由于它不验证另一个对等体，因此它可能是不安全的，特别是在客户端模式下，大多数时候您希望确保与之通信的服务器的真实性。因此，在客户端模式下，强烈建议使用CERT_REQUIRED。
但如果你只是想让它现在工作，你可以做以下事情，你也必须导入ssl:
input = input.replace("!web ", "")
url = "https://domainsearch.p.mashape.com/index.php?name=" + input
req = urllib2.Request(url, headers={ 'X-Mashape-Key': 'XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX' })
gcontext = ssl.SSLContext() # Only for gangstars
info = urllib2.urlopen(req, context=gcontext).read()
Message.Chat.SendMessage ("" + info)
这应该可以解决您的问题，但您并没有真正解决任何问题，但您不会看到[SSL: CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED]，因为您现在没有验证证书!
为了补充以上内容，如果您想了解更多关于为什么会遇到这些问题的信息，请参阅PEP 476。
这个PEP建议在默认情况下启用X509证书签名的验证，以及Python的HTTP客户端的主机名验证，并在每次调用的基础上选择退出。此更改将应用于Python 2.7、Python 3.4和Python 3.5。
有一个建议选择退出，这与我上面的建议没有什么不同:
import ssl
# This restores the same behavior as before.
context = ssl._create_unverified_context()
urllib.urlopen("https://no-valid-cert", context=context)
它还提供了一个非常不推荐的monkeypatching选项，这在python中并不常见:
import ssl
ssl._create_default_https_context = ssl._create_unverified_context
它用创建未经验证的上下文的函数覆盖用于创建上下文的默认函数。
请注意PEP中所述:
This guidance is aimed primarily at system administrators that wish to adopt newer versions of Python that implement this PEP in legacy environments that do not yet support certificate verification on HTTPS connections. For example, an administrator may opt out by adding the monkeypatch above to sitecustomize.py in their Standard Operating Environment for Python. Applications and libraries SHOULD NOT be making this change process wide (except perhaps in response to a system administrator controlled configuration setting).
如果你想读一篇关于为什么不验证证书是不好的软件的论文，你可以在这里找到它!
I was getting the same error, and also went on a wild goose chase for quite a while before I gave up and started trying things on my own. I eventually figured it out, so I thought I'd share. In my case, I am running Python 2.7.10 (due to reasons beyond my control) on Linux, don't have access to the requests module, can't install certificates globally at the OS or Python level, can't set any environment variables, and need to access a specific internal site that uses internally issued certificates.
注意:禁用SSL验证从来不是一个选项。我正在下载一个脚本，它可以立即以根用户的身份运行。没有SSL验证，任何web服务器都可以假装是我的目标主机，而我只是接受他们给我的任何东西，并以root身份运行它!
我将根证书和中间证书(可能不止一个)以pem格式保存到一个文件中，然后使用以下代码:
import ssl,urllib2
data = urllib2.build_opener(urllib2.HTTPSHandler(context=ssl.create_default_context(cafile='/path/to/ca-cert-chain.pem')), urllib2.ProxyHandler({})).open('https://your-site.com/somefile').read()
print(data)
注意，我在那里添加了urllib2.ProxyHandler({})。这是因为在我们的环境中，代理是默认设置的，但它们只能访问外部站点，不能访问内部站点。如果没有代理绕过，我就无法访问内部站点。如果你没有这个问题，你可以简化如下:
data = urllib2.build_opener(urllib2.HTTPSHandler(context=ssl.create_default_context(cafile='/path/to/ca-cert-chain.pem'))).open('https://your-site.com/somefile').read()
工作起来很有魅力，而且不会危及安全。
享受吧!
