给定一个绝对路径或相对路径(在类unix系统中)，我希望在解析任何中间符号链接之后确定目标的完整路径。同时还可以解析~用户名符号。
如果目标是一个目录，则可以将chdir()放入该目录，然后调用getcwd()，但我确实希望从shell脚本而不是编写C helper来完成此操作。不幸的是，shell倾向于试图向用户隐藏符号链接的存在(这是OS X上的bash):
$ ls -ld foo bar
drwxr-xr-x 2 greg greg 68 Aug 11 22:36 bar
lrwxr-xr-x 1 greg greg 3 Aug 11 22:36 foo -> bar
$ cd foo
$ pwd
/Users/greg/tmp/foo
$
我想要的是一个函数resolve()，这样当从上面的例子中的tmp目录执行时，resolve("foo") == "/Users/greg/tmp/bar"。
当前回答
我的答案在这里Bash:如何获得一个符号链接的真正路径?
但简而言之，在脚本中非常方便:
script_home=$( dirname $(realpath "$0") )
echo Original script home: $script_home
这些是GNU coreutils的一部分，适合在Linux系统中使用。
为了测试一切，我们把symlink放到/home/test2/，修改一些额外的东西，并从根目录运行/调用它:
/$ /home/test2/symlink
/home/test
Original script home: /home/test
在哪里
Original script is: /home/test/realscript.sh
Called script is: /home/test2/symlink
其他回答
因为我在过去的几年里遇到过很多次这样的情况，这一次我需要一个纯粹的bash可移植版本，可以在OSX和linux上使用，我继续写了一个:
活生生的版本就在这里:
https://github.com/keen99/shell-functions/tree/master/resolve_path
但为了SO，这里是当前的版本(我觉得它经过了很好的测试..但我愿意接受反馈!)
可能不难使它为普通bourne shell (sh)工作，但我没有尝试…我太喜欢$FUNCNAME了。：）
#!/bin/bash
resolve_path() {
#I'm bash only, please!
# usage: resolve_path <a file or directory>
# follows symlinks and relative paths, returns a full real path
#
local owd="$PWD"
#echo "$FUNCNAME for $1" >&2
local opath="$1"
local npath=""
local obase=$(basename "$opath")
local odir=$(dirname "$opath")
if [[ -L "$opath" ]]
then
#it's a link.
#file or directory, we want to cd into it's dir
cd $odir
#then extract where the link points.
npath=$(readlink "$obase")
#have to -L BEFORE we -f, because -f includes -L :(
if [[ -L $npath ]]
then
#the link points to another symlink, so go follow that.
resolve_path "$npath"
#and finish out early, we're done.
return $?
#done
elif [[ -f $npath ]]
#the link points to a file.
then
#get the dir for the new file
nbase=$(basename $npath)
npath=$(dirname $npath)
cd "$npath"
ndir=$(pwd -P)
retval=0
#done
elif [[ -d $npath ]]
then
#the link points to a directory.
cd "$npath"
ndir=$(pwd -P)
retval=0
#done
else
echo "$FUNCNAME: ERROR: unknown condition inside link!!" >&2
echo "opath [[ $opath ]]" >&2
echo "npath [[ $npath ]]" >&2
return 1
fi
else
if ! [[ -e "$opath" ]]
then
echo "$FUNCNAME: $opath: No such file or directory" >&2
return 1
#and break early
elif [[ -d "$opath" ]]
then
cd "$opath"
ndir=$(pwd -P)
retval=0
#done
elif [[ -f "$opath" ]]
then
cd $odir
ndir=$(pwd -P)
nbase=$(basename "$opath")
retval=0
#done
else
echo "$FUNCNAME: ERROR: unknown condition outside link!!" >&2
echo "opath [[ $opath ]]" >&2
return 1
fi
fi
#now assemble our output
echo -n "$ndir"
if [[ "x${nbase:=}" != "x" ]]
then
echo "/$nbase"
else
echo
fi
#now return to where we were
cd "$owd"
return $retval
}
这里有一个经典的例子，感谢brew:
%% ls -l `which mvn`
lrwxr-xr-x 1 draistrick 502 29 Dec 17 10:50 /usr/local/bin/mvn@ -> ../Cellar/maven/3.2.3/bin/mvn
使用这个函数，它将返回-real- path:
%% cat test.sh
#!/bin/bash
. resolve_path.inc
echo
echo "relative symlinked path:"
which mvn
echo
echo "and the real path:"
resolve_path `which mvn`
%% test.sh
relative symlinked path:
/usr/local/bin/mvn
and the real path:
/usr/local/Cellar/maven/3.2.3/libexec/bin/mvn
根据标准，pwd -P应该返回已解析符号链接的路径。
C函数char *getcwd(char *buf, size_t size)从unistd.h应该有相同的行为。
getcwd 松材线虫病
如果你只是想要目录，“pwd -P”似乎可以工作，但如果出于某种原因你想要实际可执行文件的名称，我认为这没有帮助。以下是我的解决方案:
#!/bin/bash
# get the absolute path of the executable
SELF_PATH=$(cd -P -- "$(dirname -- "$0")" && pwd -P) && SELF_PATH=$SELF_PATH/$(basename -- "$0")
# resolve symlinks
while [[ -h $SELF_PATH ]]; do
# 1) cd to directory of the symlink
# 2) cd to the directory of where the symlink points
# 3) get the pwd
# 4) append the basename
DIR=$(dirname -- "$SELF_PATH")
SYM=$(readlink "$SELF_PATH")
SELF_PATH=$(cd "$DIR" && cd "$(dirname -- "$SYM")" && pwd)/$(basename -- "$SYM")
done
另一种方法:
# Gets the real path of a link, following all links
myreadlink() { [ ! -h "$1" ] && echo "$1" || (local link="$(expr "$(command ls -ld -- "$1")" : '.*-> \(.*\)$')"; cd $(dirname $1); myreadlink "$link" | sed "s|^\([^/].*\)\$|$(dirname $1)/\1|"); }
# Returns the absolute path to a command, maybe in $PATH (which) or not. If not found, returns the same
whereis() { echo $1 | sed "s|^\([^/].*/.*\)|$(pwd)/\1|;s|^\([^/]*\)$|$(which -- $1)|;s|^$|$1|"; }
# Returns the realpath of a called command.
whereis_realpath() { local SCRIPT_PATH=$(whereis $1); myreadlink ${SCRIPT_PATH} | sed "s|^\([^/].*\)\$|$(dirname ${SCRIPT_PATH})/\1|"; }
注意:我相信这是一个可靠的、可移植的、现成的解决方案，但由于这个原因，它总是很冗长。
下面是一个完全兼容POSIX的脚本/函数，因此是跨平台的(也适用于macOS，其readlink在10.12 (Sierra)仍然不支持-f) -它只使用POSIX shell语言特性和只使用POSIX兼容的实用程序调用。
它是GNU readlink -e (readlink -f的严格版本)的可移植实现。
您可以使用sh运行脚本，也可以在bash、ksh和zsh中获取该函数:
例如，在一个脚本中，你可以像下面这样使用它来获取运行脚本的真实源目录，并解析符号链接:
trueScriptDir=$(dirname -- "$(rreadlink "$0")")
Rreadlink脚本/函数定义:
出于感激，代码改编自这个回答。 我还在这里创建了一个基于bash的独立实用程序版本，您可以使用它进行安装 npm install rreadlink -g，如果你已经安装了Node.js。
#!/bin/sh
# SYNOPSIS
# rreadlink <fileOrDirPath>
# DESCRIPTION
# Resolves <fileOrDirPath> to its ultimate target, if it is a symlink, and
# prints its canonical path. If it is not a symlink, its own canonical path
# is printed.
# A broken symlink causes an error that reports the non-existent target.
# LIMITATIONS
# - Won't work with filenames with embedded newlines or filenames containing
# the string ' -> '.
# COMPATIBILITY
# This is a fully POSIX-compliant implementation of what GNU readlink's
# -e option does.
# EXAMPLE
# In a shell script, use the following to get that script's true directory of origin:
# trueScriptDir=$(dirname -- "$(rreadlink "$0")")
rreadlink() ( # Execute the function in a *subshell* to localize variables and the effect of `cd`.
target=$1 fname= targetDir= CDPATH=
# Try to make the execution environment as predictable as possible:
# All commands below are invoked via `command`, so we must make sure that
# `command` itself is not redefined as an alias or shell function.
# (Note that command is too inconsistent across shells, so we don't use it.)
# `command` is a *builtin* in bash, dash, ksh, zsh, and some platforms do not
# even have an external utility version of it (e.g, Ubuntu).
# `command` bypasses aliases and shell functions and also finds builtins
# in bash, dash, and ksh. In zsh, option POSIX_BUILTINS must be turned on for
# that to happen.
{ \unalias command; \unset -f command; } >/dev/null 2>&1
[ -n "$ZSH_VERSION" ] && options[POSIX_BUILTINS]=on # make zsh find *builtins* with `command` too.
while :; do # Resolve potential symlinks until the ultimate target is found.
[ -L "$target" ] || [ -e "$target" ] || { command printf '%s\n' "ERROR: '$target' does not exist." >&2; return 1; }
command cd "$(command dirname -- "$target")" # Change to target dir; necessary for correct resolution of target path.
fname=$(command basename -- "$target") # Extract filename.
[ "$fname" = '/' ] && fname='' # !! curiously, `basename /` returns '/'
if [ -L "$fname" ]; then
# Extract [next] target path, which may be defined
# *relative* to the symlink's own directory.
# Note: We parse `ls -l` output to find the symlink target
# which is the only POSIX-compliant, albeit somewhat fragile, way.
target=$(command ls -l "$fname")
target=${target#* -> }
continue # Resolve [next] symlink target.
fi
break # Ultimate target reached.
done
targetDir=$(command pwd -P) # Get canonical dir. path
# Output the ultimate target's canonical path.
# Note that we manually resolve paths ending in /. and /.. to make sure we have a normalized path.
if [ "$fname" = '.' ]; then
command printf '%s\n' "${targetDir%/}"
elif [ "$fname" = '..' ]; then
# Caveat: something like /var/.. will resolve to /private (assuming /var@ -> /private/var), i.e. the '..' is applied
# AFTER canonicalization.
command printf '%s\n' "$(command dirname -- "${targetDir}")"
else
command printf '%s\n' "${targetDir%/}/$fname"
fi
)
rreadlink "$@"
关于安全问题:
Jarno在引用确保内置命令不会被同名的别名或shell函数所遮蔽的函数时，在注释中询问:
如果unalias或unset和[被设置为别名或shell函数会怎样?
rreadlink确保命令具有其原始含义的动机是使用它来绕过(良性的)方便别名和函数，这些别名和函数通常用于掩盖交互式shell中的标准命令，例如重新定义ls以包括最喜欢的选项。
我认为可以肯定地说，除非您正在处理一个不受信任的、恶意的环境，担心unalias或unset -或者，就此而言，do，…-被重新定义不是一个问题。
有一些函数必须依赖于它的原始意义和行为-没有办法绕过它。 类似posix的shell允许重新定义内置程序甚至语言关键字，这本质上是一种安全风险(而且编写偏执的代码通常是困难的)。
为了解决您的问题:
该函数依赖于unalias和unset具有其原始含义。以改变它们行为的方式将它们重新定义为shell函数将是一个问题;重新定义为别名 不必担心，因为引用(部分)命令名(例如\unalias)会绕过别名。
然而，shell关键字不能引用(while, for, if, do，…)，虽然shell关键字优先于shell函数，但在bash和zsh中别名具有最高优先级，因此为了防止shell关键字重新定义，您必须使用它们的名称运行别名(尽管在非交互式bash shell(如脚本)中，默认情况下别名不会扩展-只有在首先显式调用shopt -s expand_aliases时)。
为了确保unalias(作为内置程序)具有其原始含义，您必须首先在其上使用\unset，这要求unset具有其原始含义:
Unset是一个内置的shell，所以为了确保它被这样调用，你必须确保它本身没有被重新定义为一个函数。虽然可以通过引用绕过别名形式，但不能绕过shell函数形式——catch 22。
因此，除非你可以依靠unset来获得它的原始含义，否则就我所知，没有保证的方法来防御所有恶意的重新定义。
