这个解决方案是用Python编写的。感谢米哈伊尔对图像准备的指导。

一个动画宽度优先搜索:

完成的迷宫:

#!/usr/bin/env python

import sys

from Queue import Queue
from PIL import Image

start = (400,984)
end = (398,25)

def iswhite(value):
    if value == (255,255,255):
        return True

def getadjacent(n):
    x,y = n
    return [(x-1,y),(x,y-1),(x+1,y),(x,y+1)]

def BFS(start, end, pixels):

    queue = Queue()
    queue.put([start]) # Wrapping the start tuple in a list

    while not queue.empty():

        path = queue.get() 
        pixel = path[-1]

        if pixel == end:
            return path

        for adjacent in getadjacent(pixel):
            x,y = adjacent
            if iswhite(pixels[x,y]):
                pixels[x,y] = (127,127,127) # see note
                new_path = list(path)
                new_path.append(adjacent)
                queue.put(new_path)

    print "Queue has been exhausted. No answer was found."


if __name__ == '__main__':

    # invoke: python mazesolver.py <mazefile> <outputfile>[.jpg|.png|etc.]
    base_img = Image.open(sys.argv[1])
    base_pixels = base_img.load()

    path = BFS(start, end, base_pixels)

    path_img = Image.open(sys.argv[1])
    path_pixels = path_img.load()

    for position in path:
        x,y = position
        path_pixels[x,y] = (255,0,0) # red

    path_img.save(sys.argv[2])

注意:标记白色访问像素灰色。这消除了访问列表的需要，但这需要在绘制路径之前从磁盘上第二次加载图像文件(如果您不想要最终路径和所有路径的合成图像)。

我用过的空白迷宫。

这是一个用R的解。

### download the image, read it into R, converting to something we can play with...
library(jpeg)
url <- "https://i.stack.imgur.com/TqKCM.jpg"
download.file(url, "./maze.jpg", mode = "wb")
jpg <- readJPEG("./maze.jpg")

### reshape array into data.frame
library(reshape2)
img3 <- melt(jpg, varnames = c("y","x","rgb"))
img3$rgb <- as.character(factor(img3$rgb, levels = c(1,2,3), labels=c("r","g","b")))

## split out rgb values into separate columns
img3 <- dcast(img3, x + y ~ rgb)

RGB到灰度，见:https://stackoverflow.com/a/27491947/2371031

# convert rgb to greyscale (0, 1)
img3$v <- img3$r*.21 + img3$g*.72 + img3$b*.07
# v: values closer to 1 are white, closer to 0 are black

## strategically fill in some border pixels so the solver doesn't "go around":
img3$v2 <- img3$v
img3[(img3$x == 300 | img3$x == 500) & (img3$y %in% c(0:23,988:1002)),"v2"]  = 0

# define some start/end point coordinates
pts_df <- data.frame(x = c(398, 399),
                     y = c(985, 26))

# set a reference value as the mean of the start and end point greyscale "v"s
ref_val <- mean(c(subset(img3, x==pts_df[1,1] & y==pts_df[1,2])$v,
                  subset(img3, x==pts_df[2,1] & y==pts_df[2,2])$v))

library(sp)
library(gdistance)
spdf3 <- SpatialPixelsDataFrame(points = img3[c("x","y")], data = img3["v2"])
r3 <- rasterFromXYZ(spdf3)

# transition layer defines a "conductance" function between any two points, and the number of connections (4 = Manhatten distances)
# x in the function represents the greyscale values ("v2") of two adjacent points (pixels), i.e., = (x1$v2, x2$v2)
# make function(x) encourages transitions between cells with small changes in greyscale compared to the reference values, such that: 
# when v2 is closer to 0 (black) = poor conductance
# when v2 is closer to 1 (white) = good conductance
tl3 <- transition(r3, function(x) (1/max( abs( (x/ref_val)-1 ) )^2)-1, 4) 

## get the shortest path between start, end points
sPath3 <- shortestPath(tl3, as.numeric(pts_df[1,]), as.numeric(pts_df[2,]), output = "SpatialLines")

## fortify for ggplot
sldf3 <- fortify(SpatialLinesDataFrame(sPath3, data = data.frame(ID = 1)))

# plot the image greyscale with start/end points (red) and shortest path (green)
ggplot(img3) +
  geom_raster(aes(x, y, fill=v2)) +
  scale_fill_continuous(high="white", low="black") +
  scale_y_reverse() +
  geom_point(data=pts_df, aes(x, y), color="red") +
  geom_path(data=sldf3, aes(x=long, y=lat), color="green")

拖鞋!

这就是如果你不填充一些边界像素会发生的事情(哈!)…

完全披露:在我找到这个问题之前，我问过并回答过一个非常相似的问题。然后通过SO的魔法，发现这是其中一个顶部的“相关问题”。我想我可以用这个迷宫作为一个额外的测试案例……我很高兴地发现，我的答案也适用于这个应用程序，只需要很少的修改。

使用队列进行阈值连续填充。将入口左侧的像素推入队列，然后开始循环。如果一个排队的像素足够暗，它就被显示为浅灰色(高于阈值)，并且所有的邻居都被推到队列上。

from PIL import Image
img = Image.open("/tmp/in.jpg")
(w,h) = img.size
scan = [(394,23)]
while(len(scan) > 0):
    (i,j) = scan.pop()
    (r,g,b) = img.getpixel((i,j))
    if(r*g*b < 9000000):
        img.putpixel((i,j),(210,210,210))
        for x in [i-1,i,i+1]:
            for y in [j-1,j,j+1]:
                scan.append((x,y))
img.save("/tmp/out.png")

解决方案是灰色墙和彩色墙之间的走廊。注意这个迷宫有多种解决方案。而且，这只是看起来有效。

树搜索太多了。迷宫在解的路径上本质上是可分离的。

(感谢Reddit的rainman002为我指出了这一点。)

正因为如此，你可以快速使用连接组件来识别迷宫墙壁的连接部分。这将在像素上迭代两次。

如果您希望将其转换为解决方案路径的漂亮图表，那么您可以使用带有结构化元素的二进制操作来填充每个连接区域的“死胡同”路径。

下面是MATLAB的演示代码。它可以通过调整来更好地清理结果，使其更一般化，并使其运行得更快。(不是凌晨两点半的时候)

% read in and invert the image
im = 255 - imread('maze.jpg');

% sharpen it to address small fuzzy channels
% threshold to binary 15%
% run connected components
result = bwlabel(im2bw(imfilter(im,fspecial('unsharp')),0.15));

% purge small components (e.g. letters)
for i = 1:max(reshape(result,1,1002*800))
    [count,~] = size(find(result==i));
    if count < 500
        result(result==i) = 0;
    end
end

% close dead-end channels
closed = zeros(1002,800);
for i = 1:max(reshape(result,1,1002*800))
    k = zeros(1002,800);
    k(result==i) = 1; k = imclose(k,strel('square',8));
    closed(k==1) = i;
end

% do output
out = 255 - im;
for x = 1:1002
    for y = 1:800
        if closed(x,y) == 0
            out(x,y,:) = 0;
        end
    end
end
imshow(out);

来吧:迷宫-求解器-python (GitHub)

我玩得很开心，并扩展了约瑟夫·克恩的答案。不要贬低它;我只是为其他人做了一些小的补充，谁可能有兴趣玩这个。

这是一个基于python的求解器，它使用BFS来查找最短路径。当时我的主要补充内容是:

图像在搜索(即。转换为纯黑白) 自动生成GIF。 自动生成AVI。

就目前情况而言，这个示例迷宫的开始/结束点是硬编码的，但我计划扩展它，以便您可以选择适当的像素。

这里有一个解决方案。

Convert image to grayscale (not yet binary), adjusting weights for the colors so that final grayscale image is approximately uniform. You can do it simply by controlling sliders in Photoshop in Image -> Adjustments -> Black & White. Convert image to binary by setting appropriate threshold in Photoshop in Image -> Adjustments -> Threshold. Make sure threshold is selected right. Use the Magic Wand Tool with 0 tolerance, point sample, contiguous, no anti-aliasing. Check that edges at which selection breaks are not false edges introduced by wrong threshold. In fact, all interior points of this maze are accessible from the start. Add artificial borders on the maze to make sure virtual traveler will not walk around it :) Implement breadth-first search (BFS) in your favorite language and run it from the start. I prefer MATLAB for this task. As @Thomas already mentioned, there is no need to mess with regular representation of graphs. You can work with binarized image directly.

下面是BFS的MATLAB代码:

function path = solve_maze(img_file)
  %% Init data
  img = imread(img_file);
  img = rgb2gray(img);
  maze = img > 0;
  start = [985 398];
  finish = [26 399];

  %% Init BFS
  n = numel(maze);
  Q = zeros(n, 2);
  M = zeros([size(maze) 2]);
  front = 0;
  back = 1;

  function push(p, d)
    q = p + d;
    if maze(q(1), q(2)) && M(q(1), q(2), 1) == 0
      front = front + 1;
      Q(front, :) = q;
      M(q(1), q(2), :) = reshape(p, [1 1 2]);
    end
  end

  push(start, [0 0]);

  d = [0 1; 0 -1; 1 0; -1 0];

  %% Run BFS
  while back <= front
    p = Q(back, :);
    back = back + 1;
    for i = 1:4
      push(p, d(i, :));
    end
  end

  %% Extracting path
  path = finish;
  while true
    q = path(end, :);
    p = reshape(M(q(1), q(2), :), 1, 2);
    path(end + 1, :) = p;
    if isequal(p, start) 
      break;
    end
  end
end

它真的非常简单和标准，在Python或其他语言中实现它应该没有困难。

这就是答案: