Swift 3和4也为变量和方法的访问级别带来了很多变化。Swift 3和4现在有4个不同的访问级别，其中开放/公共访问是最高(限制最少)的访问级别，私有访问是最低(限制最多)的访问级别:

private functions and members can only be accessed from within the scope of the entity itself (struct, class, …) and its extensions (in Swift 3 also the extensions were restricted) fileprivate functions and members can only be accessed from within the source file where they are declared. internal functions and members (which is the default, if you do not explicitly add an access level key word) can be accessed anywhere within the target where they are defined. Thats why the TestTarget doesn't have automatically access to all sources, they have to be marked as accessible in xCode's file inspector. open or public functions and members can be accessed from anywhere within the target and from any other context that imports the current target’s module.

有趣:

与其将每个单独的方法或成员标记为“private”，你可以在类/结构的扩展中覆盖一些方法(例如典型的helper函数)，并将整个扩展标记为“private”。

class foo { }

private extension foo {
    func somePrivateHelperFunction01() { }
    func somePrivateHelperFunction02() { }
    func somePrivateHelperFunction03() { }
}

为了获得更好的可维护代码，这可能是一个好主意。你可以很容易地切换到非私有(例如单元测试)，只需要改变一个词。

苹果公司的文档

Swift 3.0提供了5种不同的访问控制:

开放 公共 内部 fileprivate 私人

Open access and public access enable entities to be used within any source file from their defining module, and also in a source file from another module that imports the defining module. You typically use open or public access when specifying the public interface to a framework. Internal access enables entities to be used within any source file from their defining module, but not in any source file outside of that module. You typically use internal access when defining an app’s or a framework’s internal structure. File-private access restricts the use of an entity to its own defining source file. Use file-private access to hide the implementation details of a specific piece of functionality when those details are used within an entire file. Private access restricts the use of an entity to the enclosing declaration. Use private access to hide the implementation details of a specific piece of functionality when those details are used only within a single declaration. Open access is the highest (least restrictive) access level and private access is the lowest (most restrictive) access level.

默认访问级别

如果您自己没有明确指定访问级别，那么代码中的所有实体(除了少数特定的例外)都有一个默认的内部访问级别。因此，在许多情况下，您不需要在代码中指定显式的访问级别。

关于该主题的发布说明:

Classes declared as public can no longer be subclassed outside of their defining module, and methods declared as public can no longer be overridden outside of their defining module. To allow a class to be externally subclassed or a method to be externally overridden, declare them as open, which is a new access level beyond public. Imported Objective-C classes and methods are now all imported as open rather than public. Unit tests that import a module using an @testable import will still be allowed to subclass public or internal classes as well as override public or internal methods. (SE-0117)

更多信息和细节: Swift编程语言(访问控制)

你可以使用的一个选项是将实例创建包装到一个函数中，并在构造函数中提供适当的getter和setter:

class Counter {
    let inc: () -> Int
    let dec: () -> Int

    init(start: Int) {
        var n = start

        inc = { ++n }
        dec = { --n }
    }
}


let c = Counter(start: 10)

c.inc()  // 11
c.inc()  // 12
c.dec()  // 11

希望为那些想要类似保护方法的人节省一些时间:

与其他答案一样，swift现在提供了“private”修饰符——它是按文件定义的，而不是像Java或c#那样按类定义的。这意味着如果你想要受保护的方法，如果它们在同一个文件中，你可以使用swift私有方法

创建一个基类来保存“受保护的”方法(实际上是私有的) 子类化这个类以使用相同的方法 在其他文件中，您不能访问基类方法，即使您创建了子类

文件1:

class BaseClass {
    private func protectedMethod() {
        
    }
}

class SubClass : BaseClass {
    func publicMethod() {
        self.protectedMethod()  //this is ok as they are in same file
    }
}

文件2:

func test() {
    var a = BaseClass()
    a.protectedMethod() //ERROR


    var b = SubClass()
    b.protectedMethod() //ERROR
}

class SubClass2 : BaseClass {
    func publicMethod() {
        self.protectedMethod() //ERROR
    }
}

Xcode 6中引入的访问控制机制:

Swift provides three different access levels for entities within your code. These access levels are relative to the source file in which an entity is defined, and also relative to the module that source file belongs to. Public access enables entities to be used within any source file from their defining module, and also in a source file from another module that imports the defining module. You typically use public access when specifying the public interface to a framework. Internal access enables entities to be used within any source file from their defining module, but not in any source file outside of that module. You typically use internal access when defining an app’s or a framework’s internal structure. Private access restricts the use of an entity to its own defining source file. Use private access to hide the implementation details of a specific piece of functionality. Public access is the highest (least restrictive) access level and private access is the lowest (or most restrictive) access level.

默认在内部访问，因此不需要指定。还要注意，私有说明符不是在类级别上工作，而是在源文件级别上工作。这意味着要使类的某些部分真正私有，您需要将其分离到自己的文件中。这也介绍了一些关于单元测试的有趣案例……

我提出的另一个观点(在上面的链接中有评论)是，你不能“升级”访问级别。如果你子类化了某个东西，你可以对它进行更多的限制，但反过来就不行。

最后一点也会影响函数、元组和其他东西，例如，如果一个函数使用了私有类，那么将函数设置为内部或公共是无效的，因为它们可能无法访问私有类。这将导致编译器警告，并且您需要将该函数重新声明为私有函数。

从Swift 3.0.1开始，共有4个访问级别，从最高(限制最少)到最低(限制最多)。

---

1. 公开和公共

允许在定义模块(目标)之外使用一个实体。在指定框架的公共接口时，通常使用开放或公共访问。

然而，开放访问仅适用于类和类成员，它与公共访问的区别如下:

公共类和类成员只能在定义模块(目标)内进行子类化和重写。 开放类和类成员可以在定义模块(目标)内外被子类化和重写。

// First.framework – A.swift

open class A {}

// First.framework – B.swift

public class B: A {} // ok

// Second.framework – C.swift

import First

internal class C: A {} // ok

// Second.framework – D.swift

import First

internal class D: B {} // error: B cannot be subclassed

2. 内部

启用在定义模块(目标)中使用的实体。在定义应用程序或框架的内部结构时，通常使用内部访问。

// First.framework – A.swift

internal struct A {}

// First.framework – B.swift

A() // ok

// Second.framework – C.swift

import First

A() // error: A is unavailable

3.fileprivate

将实体的使用限制到其定义的源文件。当在整个文件中使用特定功能块的实现细节时，通常使用文件私有访问来隐藏这些细节。

// First.framework – A.swift

internal struct A {

    fileprivate static let x: Int

}

A.x // ok

// First.framework – B.swift

A.x // error: x is not available

4. 私人

将实体的使用限制在其封闭声明范围内。当只在单个声明中使用特定功能块的实现细节时，通常使用私有访问来隐藏这些细节。

// First.framework – A.swift

internal struct A {

    private static let x: Int

    internal static func doSomethingWithX() {
        x // ok
    }

}

A.x // error: x is unavailable