对于Swift 1-3:

不，不可能。这里根本没有任何私有/受保护的方法和变量。

一切都是公开的。

更新 从Swift 4开始，可能会在这个帖子中看到其他答案

Swift 3.0提供了5种不同的访问控制:

开放 公共 内部 fileprivate 私人

Open access and public access enable entities to be used within any source file from their defining module, and also in a source file from another module that imports the defining module. You typically use open or public access when specifying the public interface to a framework. Internal access enables entities to be used within any source file from their defining module, but not in any source file outside of that module. You typically use internal access when defining an app’s or a framework’s internal structure. File-private access restricts the use of an entity to its own defining source file. Use file-private access to hide the implementation details of a specific piece of functionality when those details are used within an entire file. Private access restricts the use of an entity to the enclosing declaration. Use private access to hide the implementation details of a specific piece of functionality when those details are used only within a single declaration. Open access is the highest (least restrictive) access level and private access is the lowest (most restrictive) access level.

默认访问级别

如果您自己没有明确指定访问级别，那么代码中的所有实体(除了少数特定的例外)都有一个默认的内部访问级别。因此，在许多情况下，您不需要在代码中指定显式的访问级别。

关于该主题的发布说明:

Classes declared as public can no longer be subclassed outside of their defining module, and methods declared as public can no longer be overridden outside of their defining module. To allow a class to be externally subclassed or a method to be externally overridden, declare them as open, which is a new access level beyond public. Imported Objective-C classes and methods are now all imported as open rather than public. Unit tests that import a module using an @testable import will still be allowed to subclass public or internal classes as well as override public or internal methods. (SE-0117)

更多信息和细节: Swift编程语言(访问控制)

现在在测试版4中，他们为Swift添加了访问修饰符。

from Xcode 6 beta 4 realese notes:

Swift access control has three access levels: private entities can only be accessed from within the source file where they are defined. internal entities can be accessed anywhere within the target where they are defined. public entities can be accessed from anywhere within the target and from any other context that imports the current target’s module. By default, most entities in a source file have internal access. This allows application developers to largely ignore access control while allowing framework developers full control over a framework's API.

Swift 4 / Swift 5

正如Swift文档-访问控制中提到的，Swift有5个访问控制:

开放和公共:可以从它们的模块实体和导入定义模块的任何模块实体中访问。 Internal:只能从其模块的实体中访问。这是默认的访问级别。 文件私有和私有:只能在您定义的有限范围内进行有限访问。

---

open和public的区别是什么?

open和之前版本的Swift中的public是一样的，它们允许来自其他模块的类使用和继承它们，即:它们可以从其他模块继承子类。此外，它们允许来自其他模块的成员使用和重写它们。同样的逻辑也适用于它们的模块。

Public允许来自其他模块的类使用它们，但不能继承它们，即:它们不能从其他模块子类化。此外，它们允许来自其他模块的成员使用它们，但不允许重写它们。对于它们的模块，它们具有相同的open's逻辑(它们允许类使用和继承它们;它们允许成员使用和重写它们)。

文件私有和私有的区别是什么?

私有文件可以从他们的整个文件访问。

Private只能从它们的单个声明和同一文件中该声明的扩展进行访问;例如:

// Declaring "A" class that has the two types of "private" and "fileprivate":
class A {
    private var aPrivate: String?
    fileprivate var aFileprivate: String?

    func accessMySelf() {
        // this works fine
        self.aPrivate = ""
        self.aFileprivate = ""
    }
}

// Declaring "B" for checking the abiltiy of accessing "A" class:
class B {
    func accessA() {
        // create an instance of "A" class
        let aObject = A()

        // Error! this is NOT accessable...
        aObject.aPrivate = "I CANNOT set a value for it!"

        // this works fine
        aObject.aFileprivate = "I CAN set a value for it!"
    }
}

---

Swift 3和Swift 4的访问控制有什么不同?

正如在SE-0169提案中提到的，Swift 4唯一的改进是私有访问控制范围被扩展，可以从同一文件中的声明扩展中访问;例如:

struct MyStruct {
    private let myMessage = "Hello World"
}

extension MyStruct {
    func printMyMessage() {
        print(myMessage)
        // In Swift 3, you will get a compile time error:
        // error: 'myMessage' is inaccessible due to 'private' protection level

        // In Swift 4 it should works fine!
    }
}

因此，不需要将myMessage声明为文件私有以在整个文件中可访问。

till swift 2.0 there were only three access level [Public, internal, private] but in swift 3.0 apple added two new access level which are [ Open, fileType ] so now in swift 3.0 there are 5 access level Here I want to clear the role of these two access level 1. Open: this is much similar to Public but the only difference is that the Public can access the subclass and override, and Open access level can not access that this image is taken from Medium website and this describe the difference between open and public access

现在是第二个新的访问级别 2. 文件类型是更大版本的私有或更低的访问级别比内部 fileType可以访问[class, struct, enum]的扩展部分 而且private不能访问扩展部分的代码，它只能访问 词法作用域 这张照片取自Medium网站，描述了fileType和Private访问级别之间的区别

从Swift 3.0.1开始，共有4个访问级别，从最高(限制最少)到最低(限制最多)。

---

1. 公开和公共

允许在定义模块(目标)之外使用一个实体。在指定框架的公共接口时，通常使用开放或公共访问。

然而，开放访问仅适用于类和类成员，它与公共访问的区别如下:

公共类和类成员只能在定义模块(目标)内进行子类化和重写。 开放类和类成员可以在定义模块(目标)内外被子类化和重写。

// First.framework – A.swift

open class A {}

// First.framework – B.swift

public class B: A {} // ok

// Second.framework – C.swift

import First

internal class C: A {} // ok

// Second.framework – D.swift

import First

internal class D: B {} // error: B cannot be subclassed

2. 内部

启用在定义模块(目标)中使用的实体。在定义应用程序或框架的内部结构时，通常使用内部访问。

// First.framework – A.swift

internal struct A {}

// First.framework – B.swift

A() // ok

// Second.framework – C.swift

import First

A() // error: A is unavailable

3.fileprivate

将实体的使用限制到其定义的源文件。当在整个文件中使用特定功能块的实现细节时，通常使用文件私有访问来隐藏这些细节。

// First.framework – A.swift

internal struct A {

    fileprivate static let x: Int

}

A.x // ok

// First.framework – B.swift

A.x // error: x is not available

4. 私人

将实体的使用限制在其封闭声明范围内。当只在单个声明中使用特定功能块的实现细节时，通常使用私有访问来隐藏这些细节。

// First.framework – A.swift

internal struct A {

    private static let x: Int

    internal static func doSomethingWithX() {
        x // ok
    }

}

A.x // error: x is unavailable