如何在Python中声明常量?

在Java中,我们做:

public static final String CONST_NAME = "Name";

当前回答

您可以将一个常量包装在numpy数组中,将其标记为仅写,并始终通过下标0调用它。

import numpy as np

# declare a constant
CONSTANT = 'hello'

# put constant in numpy and make read only
CONSTANT = np.array([CONSTANT])
CONSTANT.flags.writeable = False
# alternatively: CONSTANT.setflags(write=0)

# call our constant using 0 index    
print 'CONSTANT %s' % CONSTANT[0]

# attempt to modify our constant with try/except
new_value = 'goodbye'
try:
    CONSTANT[0] = new_value
except:
    print "cannot change CONSTANT to '%s' it's value '%s' is immutable" % (
        new_value, CONSTANT[0])

# attempt to modify our constant producing ValueError
CONSTANT[0] = new_value



>>>
CONSTANT hello
cannot change CONSTANT to 'goodbye' it's value 'hello' is immutable
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "shuffle_test.py", line 15, in <module>
    CONSTANT[0] = new_value
ValueError: assignment destination is read-only

当然,这只保护numpy的内容,而不是变量“CONSTANT”本身;你仍然可以:

CONSTANT = 'foo'

和CONSTANT会改变,然而,这将很快抛出TypeError第一次在脚本中调用CONSTANT[0]。

尽管……我想如果你在某个时候把它改成

CONSTANT = [1,2,3]

现在你不会再得到TypeError了。嗯……

https://docs.scipy.org/doc/numpy/reference/generated/numpy.ndarray.setflags.html

其他回答

python声明“常量”的方式基本上是一个模块级别的变量:

RED = 1
GREEN = 2
BLUE = 3

然后编写类或函数。因为常量几乎都是整数,而且它们在Python中也是不可变的,所以你几乎没有机会改变它。

当然,除非显式地设置RED = 2。

我将创建一个重写基对象类的__setattr__方法的类,并用它包装我的常量,注意我使用的是python 2.7:

class const(object):
    def __init__(self, val):
        super(const, self).__setattr__("value", val)
    def __setattr__(self, name, val):
        raise ValueError("Trying to change a constant value", self)

换行字符串:

>>> constObj = const("Try to change me")
>>> constObj.value
'Try to change me'
>>> constObj.value = "Changed"
Traceback (most recent call last):
   ...
ValueError: Trying to change a constant value
>>> constObj2 = const(" or not")
>>> mutableObj = constObj.value + constObj2.value
>>> mutableObj #just a string
'Try to change me or not'

这很简单,但如果你想像使用非常量对象一样使用常量(不使用constObj.value),它会更密集一些。这可能会导致问题,所以最好保留.value来显示和知道您正在使用常量进行操作(尽管可能不是最“python”的方式)。

属性是创建常量的一种方法。你可以通过声明一个getter属性来做到这一点,但忽略setter。例如:

class MyFinalProperty(object):

    @property
    def name(self):
        return "John"

您可以看看我写的一篇文章,以找到更多使用Python属性的方法。

我使用冻结数据类声明常量值,如下所示:

from dataclasses import dataclass

@dataclass(frozen=True)
class _Const:
    SOME_STRING = 'some_string'
    SOME_INT = 5
    
Const = _Const()

# In another file import Const and try
print(Const.SOME_STRING)  # ITS OK!
Const.SOME_INT = 6  # dataclasses.FrozenInstanceError: cannot assign to field 'SOME_INT'

这并不完全是常数,但从python 3.7开始,你可以使用如下所示的数据类模块:

from dataclasses import dataclass
from typing import Final

@dataclass(frozen=True)
class A():
    a1:Final = 3

a = A()

a.a1 = 4

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
FrozenInstanceError                       Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-14-5f7f4efc5bf0> in <module>
----> 1 a.a1 = 4

<string> in __setattr__(self, name, value)

FrozenInstanceError: cannot assign to field 'a1'