bash中有没有将字符串转换为小写字符串的方法?
例如,如果我有:
a="Hi all"
我想将其转换为:
"hi all"
bash中有没有将字符串转换为小写字符串的方法?
例如,如果我有:
a="Hi all"
我想将其转换为:
"hi all"
当前回答
因此,我尝试对每个实用程序使用共识方法执行一些更新的基准测试,但我没有多次重复一个小集合,而是。。。
以UTF-8编码的多字节Unicode字符填充到边缘的1.85 GB.txt文件中,为了均衡I/O方面,同时还强制所有人使用LC_ALL=C,以确保公平竞争
————————————————————————————————————————
准确地说,bsd-sed和gnu-sed都相当平庸。我甚至不知道bsd sed在做什么,因为他们的xxhash不匹配python3是否试图使用Unicode字母大小写?(即使我已经强制设置了区域设置LC_ALL=C)tr是最极端的到目前为止,gnutr是最快的bsd tr非常残暴perl5比我拥有的任何awk变体都快,除非你可以使用mawk2一次加载整个文件,以便稍微超过perl5:2.935秒mawk2对每15秒3.081秒在awk中,gnu-gawk的速度最慢,中间是mawk 1.3.4,最快是mawk1.9.9.6:比gawk节省50%以上的时间.(我没有把时间浪费在无用的macosx nawk上)
.
out9: 1.85GiB 0:00:03 [ 568MiB/s] [ 568MiB/s] [ <=> ]
in0: 1.85GiB 0:00:03 [ 568MiB/s] [ 568MiB/s] [============>] 100%
( pvE 0.1 in0 < "${m3t}" | LC_ALL=C mawk2 '{ print tolower($_) }' FS='^$'; )
mawk 1.9.9.6 (mawk2-beta)
3.07s user 0.66s system 111% cpu 3.348 total
85759a34df874966d096c6529dbfb9d5 stdin
out9: 1.85GiB 0:00:06 [ 297MiB/s] [ 297MiB/s] [ <=> ]
in0: 1.85GiB 0:00:06 [ 297MiB/s] [ 297MiB/s] [============>] 100%
( pvE 0.1 in0 < "${m3t}" | LC_ALL=C mawk '{ print tolower($_) }' FS='^$'; )
mawk 1.3.4
6.01s user 0.83s system 107% cpu 6.368 total
85759a34df874966d096c6529dbfb9d5 stdin
out9: 23.8MiB 0:00:00 [ 238MiB/s] [ 238MiB/s] [ <=> ]
in0: 1.85GiB 0:00:07 [ 244MiB/s] [ 244MiB/s] [============>] 100%
out9: 1.85GiB 0:00:07 [ 244MiB/s] [ 244MiB/s] [ <=> ]
( pvE 0.1 in0 < "${m3t}" | LC_ALL=C gawk -be '{ print tolower($_) }' FS='^$';
GNU Awk 5.1.1, API: 3.1 (GNU MPFR 4.1.0, GNU MP 6.2.1)
7.49s user 0.78s system 106% cpu 7.763 total
85759a34df874966d096c6529dbfb9d5 stdin
out9: 1.85GiB 0:00:03 [ 616MiB/s] [ 616MiB/s] [ <=> ]
in0: 1.85GiB 0:00:03 [ 617MiB/s] [ 617MiB/s] [============>] 100%
( pvE 0.1 in0 < "${m3t}" | LC_ALL=C perl -ne 'print lc'; )
perl5 (revision 5 version 34 subversion 0)
2.70s user 0.85s system 115% cpu 3.081 total
85759a34df874966d096c6529dbfb9d5 stdin
out9: 1.85GiB 0:00:32 [57.4MiB/s] [57.4MiB/s] [ <=> ]
in0: 1.85GiB 0:00:32 [57.4MiB/s] [57.4MiB/s] [============>] 100%
( pvE 0.1 in0 < "${m3t}" | LC_ALL=C gsed 's/.*/\L&/'; ) # GNU-sed
gsed (GNU sed) 4.8
32.57s user 0.97s system 101% cpu 32.982 total
85759a34df874966d096c6529dbfb9d5 stdin
out9: 1.86GiB 0:00:38 [49.7MiB/s] [49.7MiB/s] [ <=> ]
in0: 1.85GiB 0:00:38 [49.4MiB/s] [49.4MiB/s] [============>] 100%
( pvE 0.1 in0 < "${m3t}" | LC_ALL=C sed 's/.*/\L&/'; ) # BSD-sed
37.94s user 0.86s system 101% cpu 38.318 total
d5e2d8487df1136db7c2334a238755c0 stdin
in0: 313MiB 0:00:00 [3.06GiB/s] [3.06GiB/s] [=====>] 16% ETA 0:00:00
out9: 1.85GiB 0:00:11 [ 166MiB/s] [ 166MiB/s] [ <=>]
in0: 1.85GiB 0:00:00 [3.31GiB/s] [3.31GiB/s] [============>] 100%
( pvE 0.1 in0 < "${m3t}" | LC_ALL=C python3 -c "print(open(0).read().lower()))
Python 3.9.12
9.04s user 2.18s system 98% cpu 11.403 total
7ddc0b5cbcfbbfac3c2b6da6731bd262 stdin
out9: 2.51MiB 0:00:00 [25.1MiB/s] [25.1MiB/s] [ <=> ]
in0: 1.85GiB 0:00:11 [ 171MiB/s] [ 171MiB/s] [============>] 100%
out9: 1.85GiB 0:00:11 [ 171MiB/s] [ 171MiB/s] [ <=> ]
( pvE 0.1 in0 < "${m3t}" | LC_ALL=C ruby -pe '$_.downcase!'; )
ruby 2.6.8p205 (2021-07-07 revision 67951) [universal.arm64e-darwin21]
10.46s user 1.23s system 105% cpu 11.073 total
85759a34df874966d096c6529dbfb9d5 stdin
in0: 1.85GiB 0:00:01 [1.01GiB/s] [1.01GiB/s] [============>] 100%
out9: 1.85GiB 0:00:01 [1.01GiB/s] [1.01GiB/s] [ <=> ]
( pvE 0.1 in0 < "${m3t}" | LC_ALL=C gtr '[A-Z]' '[a-z]'; ) # GNU-tr
gtr (GNU coreutils) 9.1
1.11s user 1.21s system 124% cpu 1.855 total
85759a34df874966d096c6529dbfb9d5 stdin
out9: 1.85GiB 0:01:19 [23.7MiB/s] [23.7MiB/s] [ <=> ]
in0: 1.85GiB 0:01:19 [23.7MiB/s] [23.7MiB/s] [============>] 100%
( pvE 0.1 in0 < "${m3t}" | LC_ALL=C tr '[A-Z]' '[a-z]'; ) # BSD-tr
78.94s user 1.50s system 100% cpu 1:19.67 total
85759a34df874966d096c6529dbfb9d5 stdin
( time ( pvE0 < "${m3t}" | LC_ALL=C gdd conv=lcase ) | pvE9 ) | xxh128sum | lgp3; sleep 3;
out9: 0.00 B 0:00:01 [0.00 B/s] [0.00 B/s] [<=> ]
in0: 1.85GiB 0:00:06 [ 295MiB/s] [ 295MiB/s] [============>] 100%
out9: 1.81GiB 0:00:06 [ 392MiB/s] [ 294MiB/s] [ <=> ]
3874110+1 records in
3874110+1 records out
out9: 1.85GiB 0:00:06 [ 295MiB/s] [ 295MiB/s] [ <=> ]
( pvE 0.1 in0 < "${m3t}" | LC_ALL=C gdd conv=lcase; ) # GNU-dd
gdd (coreutils) 9.1
1.93s user 4.35s system 97% cpu 6.413 total
85759a34df874966d096c6529dbfb9d5 stdin
% ( time ( pvE0 < "${m3t}" | LC_ALL=C dd conv=lcase ) | pvE9 ) | xxh128sum | lgp3; sleep 3;
out9: 36.9MiB 0:00:00 [ 368MiB/s] [ 368MiB/s] [ <=> ]
in0: 1.85GiB 0:00:04 [ 393MiB/s] [ 393MiB/s] [============>] 100%
out9: 1.85GiB 0:00:04 [ 393MiB/s] [ 393MiB/s] [ <=> ]
3874110+1 records in
3874110+1 records out
out9: 1.85GiB 0:00:04 [ 393MiB/s] [ 393MiB/s] [ <=> ]
( pvE 0.1 in0 < "${m3t}" | LC_ALL=C dd conv=lcase; ) # BSD-dd
1.92s user 4.24s system 127% cpu 4.817 total
85759a34df874966d096c6529dbfb9d5 stdin
————————————————————————————————————————
通过一次加载所有文件,并在单个函数调用中对所有1.85 GB执行tolower(),可以人为地使mawk2比perl5更快::
( time ( pvE0 < "${m3t}" |
LC_ALL=C mawk2 '
BEGIN { FS = RS = "^$" }
END { print tolower($(ORS = "")) }'
) | pvE9 ) | xxh128sum| lgp3
in0: 1.85GiB 0:00:00 [3.35GiB/s] [3.35GiB/s] [============>] 100%
out9: 1.85GiB 0:00:02 [ 647MiB/s] [ 647MiB/s] [ <=> ]
( pvE 0.1 in0 < "${m3t}" | LC_ALL=C mawk2 ; )
1.39s user 1.31s system 91% cpu 2.935 total
85759a34df874966d096c6529dbfb9d5 stdin
其他回答
你可以试试这个
s="Hello World!"
echo $s # Hello World!
a=${s,,}
echo $a # hello world!
b=${s^^}
echo $b # HELLO WORLD!
裁判:http://wiki.workassis.com/shell-script-convert-text-to-lowercase-and-uppercase/
如果使用v4,则会进行烘焙。如果不是,这里有一个简单、广泛适用的解决方案。这个线程上的其他答案(和注释)对创建下面的代码非常有用。
# Like echo, but converts to lowercase
echolcase () {
tr [:upper:] [:lower:] <<< "${*}"
}
# Takes one arg by reference (var name) and makes it lowercase
lcase () {
eval "${1}"=\'$(echo ${!1//\'/"'\''"} | tr [:upper:] [:lower:] )\'
}
笔记:
执行:a=“Hi All”,然后:lcase a将执行与:a=$相同的操作(echolcase“Hi All”)在lcase函数中,使用${!1//\'/“'\'”}而不是${!1},即使字符串有引号,也可以使用此函数。
基于Dejay Clayton出色的解决方案,我将大写/小写扩展为转置函数(独立有用),在变量中返回结果(更快/更安全),并添加了BASH v4+优化:
pkg::transpose() { # <retvar> <string> <from> <to>
local __r=$2 __m __p
while [[ ${__r} =~ ([$3]) ]]; do
__m="${BASH_REMATCH[1]}"; __p="${3%${__m}*}"
__r="${__r//${__m}/${4:${#__p}:1}}"
done
printf -v "$1" "%s" "${__r}"
}
pkg::lowercase() { # <retvar> <string>
if (( BASH_VERSINFO[0] >= 4 )); then
printf -v "$1" "%s" "${2,,}"
else
pkg::transpose "$1" "$2" "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ" \
"abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
fi
}
pkg::uppercase() { # <retvar> <string>
if (( BASH_VERSINFO[0] >= 4 )); then
printf -v "$1" "%s" "${2^^}"
else
pkg::transpose "$1" "$2" "abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz" \
"ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
fi
}
为了简单起见,我没有添加任何set-e支持(或任何错误检查)。。。但除此之外,它通常遵循shellguide和pkg::transpose()试图避免printf-v的任何可能的变量名冲突
在bash 4中,可以使用类型集
例子:
A="HELLO WORLD"
typeset -l A=$A
有多种方式:
POSIX标准
tr
$ echo "$a" | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]'
hi all
AWK
$ echo "$a" | awk '{print tolower($0)}'
hi all
非POSIX
您可能会遇到以下示例的可移植性问题:
巴什4.0
$ echo "${a,,}"
hi all
sed
$ echo "$a" | sed -e 's/\(.*\)/\L\1/'
hi all
# this also works:
$ sed -e 's/\(.*\)/\L\1/' <<< "$a"
hi all
Perl
$ echo "$a" | perl -ne 'print lc'
hi all
Bash
lc(){
case "$1" in
[A-Z])
n=$(printf "%d" "'$1")
n=$((n+32))
printf \\$(printf "%o" "$n")
;;
*)
printf "%s" "$1"
;;
esac
}
word="I Love Bash"
for((i=0;i<${#word};i++))
do
ch="${word:$i:1}"
lc "$ch"
done
注:YMMV在这一个。即使使用shopt-u nocasematch;,也不适用于我(GNUbash版本4.2.46和4.0.33(行为2.05b.0相同,但没有实现nocasemach));。取消设置nocasematch会导致[[“fooBaR”==“fooBaR”]]与OK匹配,但奇怪的是,[b-z]与[A-z]不匹配。Bash被双重否定(“未设置nocasematch”)搞糊涂了!:-)