对于仅使用内置的标准外壳（没有bashms）：

uppers=ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
lowers=abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz

lc(){ #usage: lc "SOME STRING" -> "some string"
    i=0
    while ([ $i -lt ${#1} ]) do
        CUR=${1:$i:1}
        case $uppers in
            *$CUR*)CUR=${uppers%$CUR*};OUTPUT="${OUTPUT}${lowers:${#CUR}:1}";;
            *)OUTPUT="${OUTPUT}$CUR";;
        esac
        i=$((i+1))
    done
    echo "${OUTPUT}"
}

对于大写：

uc(){ #usage: uc "some string" -> "SOME STRING"
    i=0
    while ([ $i -lt ${#1} ]) do
        CUR=${1:$i:1}
        case $lowers in
            *$CUR*)CUR=${lowers%$CUR*};OUTPUT="${OUTPUT}${uppers:${#CUR}:1}";;
            *)OUTPUT="${OUTPUT}$CUR";;
        esac
        i=$((i+1))
    done
    echo "${OUTPUT}"
}

Bash 5.1提供了一种通过L参数转换实现这一点的直接方法：

${var@L}

例如，你可以说：

v="heLLo"
echo "${v@L}"
# hello

也可以使用U大写：

v="hello"
echo "${v@U}"
# HELLO

第一个字母用u大写：

v="hello"
echo "${v@u}"
# Hello

tr:

a="$(tr [A-Z] [a-z] <<< "$a")"

AWK:

{ print tolower($0) }

sed:

y/ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ/abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz/

echo "Hi All" | tr "[:upper:]" "[:lower:]"

有多种方式：

POSIX标准

tr

$ echo "$a" | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]'
hi all

AWK

$ echo "$a" | awk '{print tolower($0)}'
hi all

非POSIX

您可能会遇到以下示例的可移植性问题：

巴什4.0

$ echo "${a,,}"
hi all

sed

$ echo "$a" | sed -e 's/\(.*\)/\L\1/'
hi all
# this also works:
$ sed -e 's/\(.*\)/\L\1/' <<< "$a"
hi all

Perl

$ echo "$a" | perl -ne 'print lc'
hi all

Bash

lc(){
    case "$1" in
        [A-Z])
        n=$(printf "%d" "'$1")
        n=$((n+32))
        printf \\$(printf "%o" "$n")
        ;;
        *)
        printf "%s" "$1"
        ;;
    esac
}
word="I Love Bash"
for((i=0;i<${#word};i++))
do
    ch="${word:$i:1}"
    lc "$ch"
done

注：YMMV在这一个。即使使用shopt-u nocasematch；，也不适用于我（GNUbash版本4.2.46和4.0.33（行为2.05b.0相同，但没有实现nocasemach））；。取消设置nocasematch会导致[[“fooBaR”==“fooBaR”]]与OK匹配，但奇怪的是，[b-z]与[A-z]不匹配。Bash被双重否定（“未设置nocasematch”）搞糊涂了！：-）

在Bash 4中：

小写

$ string="A FEW WORDS"
$ echo "${string,}"
a FEW WORDS
$ echo "${string,,}"
a few words
$ echo "${string,,[AEIUO]}"
a FeW WoRDS

$ string="A Few Words"
$ declare -l string
$ string=$string; echo "$string"
a few words

大写

$ string="a few words"
$ echo "${string^}"
A few words
$ echo "${string^^}"
A FEW WORDS
$ echo "${string^^[aeiou]}"
A fEw wOrds

$ string="A Few Words"
$ declare -u string
$ string=$string; echo "$string"
A FEW WORDS

切换（未记录，但可在编译时配置）

$ string="A Few Words"
$ echo "${string~~}"
a fEW wORDS
$ string="A FEW WORDS"
$ echo "${string~}"
a FEW WORDS
$ string="a few words"
$ echo "${string~}"
A few words

大写（未记录，但可在编译时配置）

$ string="a few words"
$ declare -c string
$ string=$string
$ echo "$string"
A few words

标题大小写：

$ string="a few words"
$ string=($string)
$ string="${string[@]^}"
$ echo "$string"
A Few Words

$ declare -c string
$ string=(a few words)
$ echo "${string[@]}"
A Few Words

$ string="a FeW WOrdS"
$ string=${string,,}
$ string=${string~}
$ echo "$string"
A few words

要关闭声明属性，请使用+。例如，声明+c字符串。这会影响后续赋值，而不是当前值。

declare选项更改变量的属性，但不更改内容。示例中的重新分配会更新内容以显示更改。

编辑：

按照ghostdog74的建议，添加了“按单词切换第一个字符”（${var~}）。

编辑：更正波浪号行为以匹配Bash 4.3。