bash中有没有将字符串转换为小写字符串的方法?
例如,如果我有:
a="Hi all"
我想将其转换为:
"hi all"
bash中有没有将字符串转换为小写字符串的方法?
例如,如果我有:
a="Hi all"
我想将其转换为:
"hi all"
当前回答
简单的方法
echo "Hi all" | awk '{ print tolower($0); }'
其他回答
在Bash 4中:
小写
$ string="A FEW WORDS"
$ echo "${string,}"
a FEW WORDS
$ echo "${string,,}"
a few words
$ echo "${string,,[AEIUO]}"
a FeW WoRDS
$ string="A Few Words"
$ declare -l string
$ string=$string; echo "$string"
a few words
大写
$ string="a few words"
$ echo "${string^}"
A few words
$ echo "${string^^}"
A FEW WORDS
$ echo "${string^^[aeiou]}"
A fEw wOrds
$ string="A Few Words"
$ declare -u string
$ string=$string; echo "$string"
A FEW WORDS
切换(未记录,但可在编译时配置)
$ string="A Few Words"
$ echo "${string~~}"
a fEW wORDS
$ string="A FEW WORDS"
$ echo "${string~}"
a FEW WORDS
$ string="a few words"
$ echo "${string~}"
A few words
大写(未记录,但可在编译时配置)
$ string="a few words"
$ declare -c string
$ string=$string
$ echo "$string"
A few words
标题大小写:
$ string="a few words"
$ string=($string)
$ string="${string[@]^}"
$ echo "$string"
A Few Words
$ declare -c string
$ string=(a few words)
$ echo "${string[@]}"
A Few Words
$ string="a FeW WOrdS"
$ string=${string,,}
$ string=${string~}
$ echo "$string"
A few words
要关闭声明属性,请使用+。例如,声明+c字符串。这会影响后续赋值,而不是当前值。
declare选项更改变量的属性,但不更改内容。示例中的重新分配会更新内容以显示更改。
编辑:
按照ghostdog74的建议,添加了“按单词切换第一个字符”(${var~})。
编辑:更正波浪号行为以匹配Bash 4.3。
我知道这是一篇老掉牙的帖子,但我为另一个网站做了这个回答,所以我想我会把它贴在这里:
上部->下部:使用python:
b=`echo "print '$a'.lower()" | python`
或Ruby:
b=`echo "print '$a'.downcase" | ruby`
或Perl:
b=`perl -e "print lc('$a');"`
或PHP:
b=`php -r "print strtolower('$a');"`
或者Awk:
b=`echo "$a" | awk '{ print tolower($1) }'`
或Sed:
b=`echo "$a" | sed 's/./\L&/g'`
或Bash 4:
b=${a,,}
或NodeJS:
b=`node -p "\"$a\".toLowerCase()"`
您也可以使用dd:
b=`echo "$a" | dd conv=lcase 2> /dev/null`
下部->上部:
使用python:
b=`echo "print '$a'.upper()" | python`
或Ruby:
b=`echo "print '$a'.upcase" | ruby`
或Perl:
b=`perl -e "print uc('$a');"`
或PHP:
b=`php -r "print strtoupper('$a');"`
或者Awk:
b=`echo "$a" | awk '{ print toupper($1) }'`
或Sed:
b=`echo "$a" | sed 's/./\U&/g'`
或Bash 4:
b=${a^^}
或NodeJS:
b=`node -p "\"$a\".toUpperCase()"`
您也可以使用dd:
b=`echo "$a" | dd conv=ucase 2> /dev/null`
另外,当你说“shell”时,我假设你是指bash,但如果你能使用zsh,那就很简单了
b=$a:l
对于小写和
b=$a:u
用于大写。
有多种方式:
POSIX标准
tr
$ echo "$a" | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]'
hi all
AWK
$ echo "$a" | awk '{print tolower($0)}'
hi all
非POSIX
您可能会遇到以下示例的可移植性问题:
巴什4.0
$ echo "${a,,}"
hi all
sed
$ echo "$a" | sed -e 's/\(.*\)/\L\1/'
hi all
# this also works:
$ sed -e 's/\(.*\)/\L\1/' <<< "$a"
hi all
Perl
$ echo "$a" | perl -ne 'print lc'
hi all
Bash
lc(){
case "$1" in
[A-Z])
n=$(printf "%d" "'$1")
n=$((n+32))
printf \\$(printf "%o" "$n")
;;
*)
printf "%s" "$1"
;;
esac
}
word="I Love Bash"
for((i=0;i<${#word};i++))
do
ch="${word:$i:1}"
lc "$ch"
done
注:YMMV在这一个。即使使用shopt-u nocasematch;,也不适用于我(GNUbash版本4.2.46和4.0.33(行为2.05b.0相同,但没有实现nocasemach));。取消设置nocasematch会导致[[“fooBaR”==“fooBaR”]]与OK匹配,但奇怪的是,[b-z]与[A-z]不匹配。Bash被双重否定(“未设置nocasematch”)搞糊涂了!:-)
简单的方法
echo "Hi all" | awk '{ print tolower($0); }'
对于Bash 3.2.+| Mac:
read -p 'What is your email? ' email
email=$(echo $email | tr '[:upper:]' '[:lower:]')
email="$email"
echo $email