我认为可以这样概括:

表示S, M为等差级数和乘法的初始值。

S = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + ... n=(n+1)*n/2
M = 1 * 2 * 3 * 4 * .... * n 

我应该考虑一个公式来计算这个，但这不是重点。无论如何，如果缺少一个数字，您已经提供了解决方案。但是，如果少了两个数字，让我们用S1和M1表示新的和和和总倍数，如下所示:

S1 = S - (a + b)....................(1)

Where a and b are the missing numbers.

M1 = M - (a * b)....................(2)

因为你知道S1 M1 M和S，上面的方程是可以解出a和b，缺失的数字。

现在来看看遗漏的三个数字:

S2 = S - ( a + b + c)....................(1)

Where a and b are the missing numbers.

M2 = M - (a * b * c)....................(2)

现在未知量是3而你只有两个方程可以解。

我们可以通过把数字本身和这些数字的平方相加来解Q2。

我们可以把问题简化为

k1 + k2 = x
k1^2 + k2^2 = y

其中x和y表示和低于期望值的程度。

代换给我们:

(x-k2)^2 + k2^2 = y

然后我们可以解出缺失的数。

You can motivate the solution by thinking about it in terms of symmetries (groups, in math language). No matter the order of the set of numbers, the answer should be the same. If you're going to use k functions to help determine the missing elements, you should be thinking about what functions have that property: symmetric. The function s_1(x) = x_1 + x_2 + ... + x_n is an example of a symmetric function, but there are others of higher degree. In particular, consider the elementary symmetric functions. The elementary symmetric function of degree 2 is s_2(x) = x_1 x_2 + x_1 x_3 + ... + x_1 x_n + x_2 x_3 + ... + x_(n-1) x_n, the sum of all products of two elements. Similarly for the elementary symmetric functions of degree 3 and higher. They are obviously symmetric. Furthermore, it turns out they are the building blocks for all symmetric functions.

你可以通过注意s_2(x,x_(n+1)) = s_2(x) + s_1(x)(x_(n+1))来构建初等对称函数。进一步思考应该会使您相信s_3(x,x_(n+1)) = s_3(x) + s_2(x)(x_(n+1))等等，因此它们可以在一次传递中计算。

我们如何知道数组中缺少了哪些项?考虑多项式(z-x_1) (z-x_2)……(z-x_n)。如果你输入任意一个数字x_i，它的值都是0。展开多项式，得到z^n-s_1(x)z^(n-1)+。+ (-1)^n s_n。初等对称函数也出现在这里，这并不奇怪，因为多项式应该保持不变，如果我们对根进行任何排列。

所以我们可以建立一个多项式，并尝试因式分解来找出哪些数不在集合中，就像其他人提到的那样。

Finally, if we are concerned about overflowing memory with large numbers (the nth symmetric polynomial will be of the order 100!), we can do these calculations mod p where p is a prime bigger than 100. In that case we evaluate the polynomial mod p and find that it again evaluates to 0 when the input is a number in the set, and it evaluates to a non-zero value when the input is a number not in the set. However, as others have pointed out, to get the values out of the polynomial in time that depends on k, not N, we have to factor the polynomial mod p.

假设一个ArrayList对象(myList)被这些数字填充，其中x和y两个数字缺失。所以可能的解决方案是:

int k = 1;
        while (k < 100) {
            if (!myList.contains(k)) {
                System.out.println("Missing No:" + k);
            }
            k++;
        }

对于不同的k值，方法将是不同的，所以不会有一个关于k的通用答案。例如，对于k=1，可以利用自然数和，但对于k= n/2，必须使用某种bitset。对于k=n-1也是一样，我们可以简单地将袋子里唯一的数字与其他数字进行比较。

我让一个4岁的孩子来解决这个问题。他把数字分类，然后开始数。这有一个O(厨房地板)的空间要求，它的工作就像许多球丢失一样简单。