我会让它简短而有趣，让你们能够理解这些概念。

并发与并行——任务执行的方式。

Take an example in real life: There’s a challenge that requires you to both eat a whole huge cake and sing a whole song. You’ll win if you’re the fastest who sings the whole song and finishes the cake. So the rule is that you sing and eat concurrently. How you do that does not belong to the rule. You can eat the whole cake, then sing the whole song, or you can eat half a cake, then sing half a song, then do that again, etc. Parallelism is a specific kind of concurrency where tasks are really executed simultaneously. In computer science, parallelism can only be achieved in multicore environments.

同步与异步——编程模型。

在同步中，您将代码编写为按顺序从上到下执行的步骤 底部。在异步编程模型中，你将代码作为任务编写， 然后并发执行。并发执行意味着 所有的任务都可能同时执行。

并发和并行实际上是相同的原理，两者都与同时执行的任务有关，尽管我想说并行任务应该是真正的多任务，“同时”执行，而并发可能意味着任务共享执行线程，同时仍然看起来是并行执行。

异步方法与前两个概念没有直接关系，异步被用来呈现并发或并行任务的印象，但实际上异步方法调用通常用于需要在当前应用程序之外执行工作的进程，我们不希望等待和阻塞应用程序等待响应。

例如，从数据库获取数据可能需要时间，但我们不想阻塞UI等待数据。异步调用接受回调引用，并在请求被放置到远程系统后立即将执行返回给您的代码。当远程系统执行所需的任何处理时，UI可以继续响应用户，一旦它将数据返回给回调方法，那么该方法就可以适当地更新UI(或移交更新)。

从用户的角度来看，它看起来像多任务处理，但它可能不是。

EDIT

可能值得补充的是，在许多实现中，异步方法调用会导致线程启动，但这不是必要的，这实际上取决于正在执行的操作以及如何将响应通知回系统。

并发+并行都意味着同时运行多个任务。我看到一些人认为这是有区别的，但这取决于你咨询的参考文献，没有真正的正确或错误的答案。

Asynchronous: In some communities this means non-blocking code, which can mean two things: It almost always means it will not block an OS thread. However, non-blocking can optionally mean that the next line of source code in a function will continue to run without delay. In Python await asyncio.sleep(5) blocks execution of the function, but not the OS thread, and that is considered async. In Golang, you have "goroutines" that similarly to Python's await, they block execution of code, but not OS threads, however, this is not referred to as async in the Golang community. It's just concurrent programming.

Concurrency Concurrency means that an application is making progress on more than one task at the same time (concurrently). Well, if the computer only has one CPU the application may not make progress on more than one task at exactly the same time, but more than one task is being processed at a time inside the application. It does not completely finish one task before it begins the next. Parallelism Parallelism means that an application splits its tasks up into smaller subtasks which can be processed in parallel, for instance on multiple CPUs at the exact same time. Concurrency vs. Parallelism In Detail As you can see, concurrency is related to how an application handles multiple tasks it works on. An application may process one task at at time (sequentially) or work on multiple tasks at the same time (concurrently). Parallelism on the other hand, is related to how an application handles each individual task. An application may process the task serially from start to end, or split the task up into subtasks which can be completed in parallel. As you can see, an application can be concurrent, but not parallel. This means that it processes more than one task at the same time, but the tasks are not broken down into subtasks. An application can also be parallel but not concurrent. This means that the application only works on one task at a time, and this task is broken down into subtasks which can be processed in parallel. Additionally, an application can be neither concurrent nor parallel. This means that it works on only one task at a time, and the task is never broken down into subtasks for parallel execution. Finally, an application can also be both concurrent and parallel, in that it both works on multiple tasks at the same time, and also breaks each task down into subtasks for parallel execution. However, some of the benefits of concurrency and parallelism may be lost in this scenario, as the CPUs in the computer are already kept reasonably busy with either concurrency or parallelism alone. Combining it may lead to only a small performance gain or even performance loss. Make sure you analyze and measure before you adopt a concurrent parallel model blindly.

从http://tutorials.jenkov.com/java-concurrency/concurrency-vs-parallelism.html

Parallel : It's a broad term that means that two pieces of code execute that "at the same time". It doesn't matter if it's "real" parallelism or if it's faked through some clever design pattern. The point is that you can start the "tasks" at the same time and then control them separately (with mutex and all the appropriate tricks). But usually you prefer to use the word "parallel" only for "true" parallelism, as in : you make it happen through non-cooperative multitasking (whether be throuch CPU/GPU cores, or only at software level by letting the OS managing it at a very low level). People are reluctant to say "parallel" just for complicated sequential code that fakes parallelism, like you would find in a browser window's javascript for example. Hence the reason why people in this thread say "asynchronous has nothing to do with parallelism". Well it does, but just don't confuse them.

并发:没有并行性就不可能有并发性(无论是模拟的还是真实的，正如我上面解释的那样)，但是这个术语特别关注的是两个系统将试图在某个时间点同时访问同一资源的事实。它强调了一个事实，那就是你必须要处理这个问题。

异步:每个人都说异步与并行无关，这是对的，但它为并行铺平了道路(让事情并行或不并行的负担在你身上——继续阅读)。

“异步”指的是并行性的一种表示形式，它形式化了并行性中通常涉及的三个基本内容:1)定义任务的初始化(比如它何时开始以及它获得哪些参数)，2)任务完成后必须做什么，3)代码在此期间应该继续做什么。

但它仍然只是语法(通常表示为回调方法)。在后台，底层系统可能简单地认为这些所谓的“任务”只是堆积起来的代码片段，直到它完成当前正在执行的代码。然后它一个接一个地把它们拆开，然后依次执行。与否。它还可以为每个任务创建一个线程，并并行运行它们。谁在乎呢?这部分不包括在概念中;)

并发性可能发生在以下几种场景中:

异步——这意味着你的程序执行非阻塞操作。例如，它可以通过HTTP发起对远程资源的请求，然后在等待接收响应的同时继续执行一些其他任务。这有点像你发了一封电子邮件，然后继续你的生活，没有等待回复。

并行性——这意味着您的程序利用多核机器的硬件，通过将工作分解为任务，在同一时间执行任务，每个任务都在单独的核心上执行。这有点像洗澡时唱歌:你实际上是在同时做两件事。

多线程——这是一种允许不同线程并发执行的软件实现。多线程程序似乎同时在做几件事，即使它运行在单核机器上。这有点像通过各种IM窗口与不同的人聊天;虽然你实际上是在来回切换，但最终结果是你同时进行了多个对话。