Const表示它的初始值必须是固定的，不能是动态值;

Final意味着它的初始值必须是固定的，但可以是一个动态值，等于具有固定值的var。

代码演示

常量

void main() {
  const sum = 1 + 2;
  // ✅ const can not change its value
  print("sum = ${sum}");
  // ⚠️ Const variables must be initialized with a constant value.
  const time = new DateTime.now();
  // ❌ Error: New expression is not a constant expression.
  print("time = ${time}");
}

最后

// new DateTime.now();
// dynamic timestamp

void main() {
  final sum = 1 + 2;
  // ✅ final can not change its value
  print("sum = ${sum}");
  final time = new DateTime.now();
  // ✅ final === var with fixed value
  print("time = ${time}");
}

截图

refs

https://dart.dev/guides/language/language-tour#final-and-const

如果你来自c++，那么Dart中的const在c++中是constexpr，而Dart中的final在c++中是const。

以上内容仅适用于基本类型。 然而在Dart中，标记为final的对象在其成员方面是可变的。

你不能使用final对象初始化const对象。例如:

  final myConst = 1;
  const myFinal = 2;

  final a = myConst; // possible
  final b = myFinal; // possible
  const c = myConst; // this is not possible
  const d = myFinal; // possible

合并@Meyi和@faisal-naseer的答案，并与小程序进行比较。

常量:

Const关键字，用于创建存储编译时常量值的变量。编译时常量值是一个在编译时为常量的值:-)

例如，5是一个编译时常数。而DateTime.now()不是编译时间常量。因为这个方法将返回行在运行时被执行的时间。所以我们不能将DateTime.now()赋值给一个const变量。

const a = 5;
// Uncommenting below statement will cause compile time error.
// Because we can't able to assign a runtime value to a const variable
// const b = DateTime.now();

应在同一行进行初始化。

const a = 5;
// Uncommenting below 2 statement will cause compilation error.
// Because const variable must be initialized at the same line.
// const b;
// b = 6;

以下所有陈述均可接受。

// Without type or var
const a = 5;
// With a type
const int b = 5;
// With var
const var c = 6;

类级别的const变量应该像下面这样初始化。

Class A {
    static const a = 5;
}

实例级const变量不可用。

Class A {
    // Uncommenting below statement will give compilation error.
    // Because const is not possible to be used with instance level 
    // variable.
    // const a = 5;
}

const的另一个主要用途是使对象不可变。要使类对象不可变，我们需要使用const关键字和构造函数，并将所有字段设置为final，如下所述。

Class A {
    final a, b;
    const A(this.a, this.b);
}

void main () {
    // There is no way to change a field of object once it's 
    // initialized.
    const immutableObja = const A(5, 6);
    // Uncommenting below statement will give compilation error.
    // Because you are trying to reinitialize a const variable
    // with other value
    // immutableObja = const A(7, 9);

    // But the below one is not the same. Because we are mentioning objA 
    // is a variable of a class A. Not const. So we can able to assign
    // another object of class A to objA.
    A objA = const A(8, 9);
    // Below statement is acceptable.
    objA = const A(10, 11);
}

我们可以对列表使用const关键字。

const a = const[] -初始化为const的变量a，它包含一个const对象的列表(例如:，列表应该只包含编译时间常量和不可变对象)。所以我们不能用另一个列表赋值a。

var a = const[] -初始化为var的变量a，其中包含一个const对象列表。所以我们可以将另一个列表赋值给变量a。

Class A {
    final a, b;
    const A(this.a, this.b);
}

class B {
    B(){ // Doing something }
}

void main() {
    const constantListOfInt = const [5, 6, 7,
                 // Uncommenting below statement give compilation error.
                 // Because we are trying to add a runtime value
                 // to a constant list
                 // DateTime.now().millisecondsSinceEpoch
              ];
    const constantListOfConstantObjA = const [
        A(5, 6),
        A(55, 88),
        A(100, 9),
    ];
    // Uncommenting below 2 statements will give compilation error.
    // Because we are trying to reinitialize with a new list.
    // constantListOfInt = [8, 9, 10];
    // constantListOfConstantObjA = const[A(55, 77)];

    // But the following lines are little different. Because we are just
    // trying to assign a list of constant values to a variable. Which 
    // is acceptable
    var variableWithConstantList = const [5, 6, 7];
    variableWithConstantList = const [10, 11, 15];
    var variableOfConstantListOfObjA = const [A(5, 8), A(7, 9), A(10, 4)];
    variableWithConstantList = const [A(9, 10)];
}

---

最后:

Final关键字还用于使变量保持恒定值。一旦初始化，就不能更改值。

final a = 5;
// Uncommenting below statement will give compilation error.
// Because a is declared as final.
// a = 6;

以下所有陈述均可接受。

// Without type or var
final a = 5;
// With a type
final int b = 5;
// Can't use var along with final keyword. Uncommenting below line cause compilation issue.
// final var c = 6;

能够分配运行时值。

// DateTime.now() will return the time when the line is getting
// executed. Which is a runtime value.
final a = DateTime.now();
var b = 5;
final c = b;

类级final变量必须在同一行中初始化。

Class A {
    static final a = 5;
    static final b = DateTime.now();
}

实例级final变量必须在同一行或在构造函数初始化中初始化。该值将在创建对象时被放入内存中。

Class A {
    final a = 5;
}

// Constructor with a parameter.
Class B {
    final b;
    B(this.b);
}

// Constructor with multiple parameter.
Class C {
    final c;
    C(this.c, int d) {
        // Do something with d
    }
}

void main() {
    A objA = new A();
    B objB = new B(5);
    C objC = new C(5, 6);
}

分配一个列表。

final a = [5, 6, 7, 5.6, A()];
// Uncommenting Below statement will give compilation error.
// Because we are trying to reinitialize the object with another list.
// a = [9.9, 10, B()];

何时使用哪个关键字?

一个简单的例子: 使用final:如果你不知道它在编译时的值是多少。例如，当您需要从API获取数据时，就会在运行代码时发生这种情况。

使用const:如果您确定在运行代码时不会更改某个值。例如，当你声明一个始终保持不变的句子。

https://itnext.io/difference-between-const-and-final-in-dart-78c129d0c573

Const表示它的初始值必须是固定的，不能是动态值;

Final意味着它的初始值必须是固定的，但可以是一个动态值，等于具有固定值的var。

代码演示

常量

void main() {
  const sum = 1 + 2;
  // ✅ const can not change its value
  print("sum = ${sum}");
  // ⚠️ Const variables must be initialized with a constant value.
  const time = new DateTime.now();
  // ❌ Error: New expression is not a constant expression.
  print("time = ${time}");
}

最后

// new DateTime.now();
// dynamic timestamp

void main() {
  final sum = 1 + 2;
  // ✅ final can not change its value
  print("sum = ${sum}");
  final time = new DateTime.now();
  // ✅ final === var with fixed value
  print("time = ${time}");
}

截图

refs

https://dart.dev/guides/language/language-tour#final-and-const